Plasma Membrane and Diffusion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plasma Membrane and Diffusion - Case Study Example Dissemination is a methods for dynamic vehicle which results from warm, arbitrary development of sub-atomic particles from locales of high fixations to districts of low concentrations(3). There are six elements which impact dispersions in liquids, these incorporates: Concentration inclination, size of the atoms in question, Distance went by the particles, Temperature of the medium and the particles, Solubility of the particle and the surface zone of the plasma film in which the particle can complete its exercises, Hence the pace of dissemination is given by the proportion of the result of solvency, angle, temperature, surface and the result of separation the particles moves by the square base of the mass of the particle. Dispersion can be ordered into three classifications or types, which incorporate; basic dissemination, channel dissemination and encouraged diffusion(3).Simple dispersion happens when miniaturized scale or little non-polar sub-atomic particles experience a liquid (fl uid or gases) for the most part fluids through a lipid bilayer. This dispersion type is described by hydrophobic atoms moving to hydrophobic districts without being rejected(3). Hydrophilic atoms don't take part in straightforward dissemination since they would be dismissed when they move into the hydrophobic district of the membrane.Channel dispersion is a sort of latent vehicle which includes direct proteins in which the particle travels through an open, fluid pore and it very well may be controlled. Charged particles and particles can go through the pore (1).

Good Eating essays

Great Eating articles Everybody has heard the saying for getting healthy, the kind of food you eat is everything, except what does this idiom really mean? For one to be healthy, the person in question needs to put great, nutritious food into their body that provisions them with enduring vitality. Shockingly, heftiness is a pandemic that has cleared over the United States, and the media's ceaseless focus on the issue has made it a worry for the masses. A few pundits accept that it isn't the duty of the eater. We should propose the inquiry, who is to be faulted? Do we feel for the working man and poor people who can't bear sound nourishments by putting fault on companies, do we assume liability for our own wellbeing propensities, or do we let others, for example, the administration take the fault? Much of the time, the individual who is really to blame with regards to the subject of corpulence and weight is the eater since the individual in question is the one settling on the cognizant choice of what to eat. Be that as it may, there are other cases. Here and there isn't a lot of one can do when they are living check to check in a low-salary network, so they may require some assistance all together Corpulence has even arrived at kids demonstrating that nobody regardless age, nobody is sheltered from this illness. Other medical issues emerge when one is overweight, for example, diabetes, and, As indicated by the National Institutes of Health, Type 2 diabetes represents at any rate 30 percent of all new youth instances of diabetes in this nation (Zinczenko 154). In his article Don't Blame the Eater, David Zinczenko contends that the cheap food industry is adding to the mind-boggling level of youth weight in the United States. He sees that there are no solid options for youngsters and teenagers to take, so the main alternative they are left with is modest and calorie pervaded quick nourishments. The fault is being put on enterprises since cheap food benefactors don't know precisely what they are putting... <!

Angry Birds Fly at MIT

Angry Birds Fly at MIT On Friday afternoon, the students and staff of the senior capstone Mechanical Engineering course 2.009: Product Engineering Processes took to Killian Court (the big grassy quad by the Great Dome) to fire birds at pigs.   They werent just any birds: they were Angry Birds. In 2.009, the students are divided into 8 different color teams.   By December, they will each develop a prototype of a product that can (and in many cases does) go to market; they present their products at a huge event before impressive industry judges.   I should note that 2.009 is possibly the awesomest course at MIT, and I need no further proof than to note that the class was on Mythbusters. Along the way, the teams do some fun engineering projects.   On Friday, that project was to take revenge on some egg-stealing pigs. Professor David Wallace, the King Pig An instructor-pig Staff dressed up for the occasion The students have been working on their siege weapons this week in preparation for the pig battle: Finally, the day of the competition arrived.   Im told that MIT President Susan Hockfield was among the large crowd watching the action. Munitions The weapons set up in Killian Court The pigs and their defenses A majestic setting for the king pig An impressive-looking air cannon, ready to fire Im sorry, but this is the best action shot I could get it was fast and furious! The awards ceremony took place of the steps below the Great Dome. Prof. Wallace presenting the trophy to the victors.   (The flags at left are in the order of team finish.) In the end, it was the green team and their slingshot that triumphed. Thanks to my colleague Mikey Yang 05 and 2.009 for additional photos. And keep a lookout for video of the competition sometime in the future Post Tagged #2.009

Who Is The For The Truth - 862 Words

Let’s try to guess how many jelly beans are in a jar without being able to take them out of the jar. In our quest to figure out the number of jelly beans we exhaust all of understanding of volume and density to narrow down the scope of possible answers but ultimately we always have to just assume it’s a certain number of jelly bean. The quest for the truth occurs in the same way. Everything cannot be proven, so we use abstract assumptions to try to understand things that science is not able to answer. When someone has a question, they form a hypothesis and then test the hypothesis. If the test can be duplicated and the results each time line up with the hypothesis then the person concludes that the hypothesis is true. If the results contradict the hypothesis then the person concludes that the hypothesis is false. This is the scientific method. In my high school physics class we dropped a basketball out of our classroom’s second story window. Every time we let go of the ball it fall to the ground. This consistent outcome backed our hypothesis which was: the ball would fall because the earth’s gravity attracts objects downward. We answered the question of what would happen if we dropped a basketball out of a window by using the scientific method. Our discovery experience occurred only through limited way of observation. As human observation improves more questions are answered and some answers are improved. Astronomers first talked about spiral nebulae in the Milky WayShow MoreRelatedWho Killed Kennedy: Will the Truth Ever be Known? Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pagesflawed people began to have doubts. Jacob Cohen, a university professor, stated that over the years up to 80 percent of people polled said they had doubts about the Warren Commission’s conclusions (Cohen). Over the years there have been many people who have research the information surrounding Kennedy assassination, and inconstancies in the final reports have led them to believe that there was more to the issue than the report exhibited. One theory that some hold is that there were shots fired atRead MoreThe choice about nuclear energy Audience: People or community who are looking forward the truth of1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe choice about nuclear energy Audience: People or community who are looking forward the truth of nuclear energy. Summary: In this paper I will discuss the overall of nuclear energy to rectify some misconception. I will give the advantages and disadvantages for using nuclear energy and let the readers understand the basic idea of it. Executive Summary: Introduction and Background: 　　　　In the recent years, nuclear energy has gotten a comprehensiveRead More Exposing the Falseness of Truth in On the Nature of the Universe1225 Words   |  5 PagesExposing the Falseness of Truth in On the Nature of the Universe  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Truth is in the eye of the beholder. Or is it? Questions regarding the nature of truth have always been central to not only philosophers, but all men (and women, of course) who possess any desire for knowledge. For while truth itself is an elusive concept, it is also the underlying theme of all science -- which is the basis of knowledge -- and so the seeker of learning must first discover his own truth about the world; withoutRead MoreThe Nature and Importance of Truth Essays851 Words   |  4 Pagesexactly is truth? What is true? These questions are two completely different questions. In order to answer what is true, you must first determine what truth actually is. If we look in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, we see the definition that says â€Å"The things that are true†. This is not what we are looking for in a definition of this word, but really there is no defining line between what is true, and what is not. Truth is essentially divided into two main types of truth. There is empirical truth thatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Oedipus, A Play Written By Sophocles1553 Words   |  7 PagesBeckman World Literature 21 November, 15 Blinded by the Truth Oftentimes characters can see perfectly but are blind to the obvious truth; conversely, some characters are in fact blind but have the insight to see the greater truth. Authors sometimes convey dramatic irony through diction that symbolizes something to the audience. Oedipus, a play written by Sophocles, contains numerous accounts where the author uses words to convey a deeper truth about characters and their experiences. Sight, light,Read MoreCore Issues in Ethics and Honesty1659 Words   |  7 Pagesactions. I believe when speaking the truth you will never be â€Å"caught in a lie†. When you are an honest person, people trust you and when people trust you, you earn others respect. I believe that if you are honest you will be a much happier person and you will not feel the guilt associated with lying. My mother always taught me not to lie because the truth will eventually catch up to you. Being honest also builds character. Other people enjoy being around others who are hone st with them. Honesty expressesRead MoreNarrative Of Sojourner Truth1559 Words   |  7 Pagesof glory.† Written by Sojourner Truth (The Narrative of Sojourner Truth) To many people the name Sojourner Truth may sound old, outdated or may even sound obsolete, all things considered that it is one name that should live on in within the hearts of every American and it should receive praise from years to come. Sojourner Truth was an American legend, one that worked for freedom of slaves, women rights and equality for all. We should reflect on Sojourner Truth on account of each speech she madeRead MoreSight and Blindness in Oedipus the King Essay1048 Words   |  5 Pages‘seeing’ to gaining knowledge. Expressions such as â€Å"I see† and â€Å"seeing truth† are used to express understanding of something, but is seeing really the same as knowing? In Oedipus the King, Oedipus’s inability to grasp the truth is despite the fact that he is physically able to see contrasts Teiresias’s knowledge of the truth even though he is blind. The irony of the blind man being knowledgeable, and the seer becoming blind to the truth suggests that the idea that knowledge is not related to physicalRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Oedipus The King977 Words   |  4 Pagesplay numerous people, who tell him of his unknown past, visit Oedipus. Blind to the truth he casts them away until a blind man named Therisis gives a sight of truth to Oedipus. As Oedipus learns the truth he realizes the great evil his life carries. After finding his wife and also mother hung in her bedroom, Oedipus blinds himself with the gold pins that held Jocasta’s robe. Oedipus blind to the truth is finally able to see when the old blind man visits him and tells him the truth about his life. BothRead More The Impact of Truth in Oedipus Rex (the King) Essay example1205 Words   |  5 Pages The Impact of Truth in Oedipus Rex (the King)nbsp;nbsp; Truth has made me strong. This is a quote from Tiresias, one of the characters in Sophocless tragedy, Oedipus Rex. The quote has different meaning and relevance for each of the different characters, but for the character of Creon, the quote is completely true. By the end of the play, the truth had not only prompted Oedipus to forgive Creon, clearing his name of any previous accusations, but the truth had also made Creon Oedipuss

Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre Essay - 809 Words

Throughout the novels Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte countless comparisons of eternal love can be made. Characters within Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre overcame the constraints society had upon them, what appeared to be their destinies and characters were able to overcome themselves. These obstacles were lengthy struggles that characters within each novel were faced with and went through immense pain all for love. The love that characters felt for each other was able to conquer all obstacles that they were faced with so that they could be together. The most important relationship in Wuthering Heights is that between Heathcliff and Catherine. The nature of their love seems to go beyond the kind†¦show more content†¦Jane believes that â€Å"marrying† Rochester while he remains legally tied to Bertha would mean rendering herself a mistress and sacrificing her own integrity for the sake of emotional gratification. On the other hand, her life at Moor House tests her in the opposite manner. There, she enjoys economic independence and engages in worthwhile and useful work, teaching the poor; yet she lacks emotional sustenance. Nonetheless, the events of Jane’s stay at Moor House are necessary tests of Jane’s autonomy. Only after proving her self-sufficiency to herself can the marriage can be one between equals. As Jane says: â€Å"I am my husband’s life as fully as he is mine. . . . To be together is for us to be at once as free as in solitude, as gay as in company. . . . We are precisely suited in character—perfect concord is the result.† Upon examination of these novels as a mirror to everyday individuals, it can be established that people are not able to distinguish between true love and their other emotions. There are those that, beyond doubt, possess true love yet are unable to acknowledge it while there are still those who believe they are in the throes of love when, indeed , they are not. It becomes evident in both of these novels that the situation of undistinguishable love is a prevalent affair between theShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis : Emily, Wuthering Heights, And Jane Eyre924 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis The novels Emma, Wuthering Heights, and Jane Eyre were written by women in the 1800’s. The three writers chose to write and publish their novels under a different name from their own. Emma was written by Jane Austen, and published anonymously in 1815 (Behrens and Rosen 361). Emily Brontà « wrote Wuthering Heights, and was published in 1847 under the name Ellis Bell (Behrens and Rosen 368). The author of Jane Eyre, who was also the sister of Emily Brontà «, was Charlotte Brontà «. ThisRead MoreEssay on Wuthering Heights, Jane Eyre and Pride and Prejudice1903 Words   |  8 PagesWuthering Heights, Jane Eyre and Pride and Prejudice Wuthering Heights presents the theme of love within and outside of marriage. This book has a major female character whose marriage conflicts in some way with her ideal of love. Catherines first love is Heathcliff. She falls in love with him as both grow up together. Yet she finds a different kind of love with Edgar Linton. Catherine decides to marry Edgar, who can satisfy her civilized side. When Heathcliff returnsRead MoreEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights Essay1220 Words   |  5 Pagespursuits of love that may have challenged civilized society. Emily Jane Brontà « and Charlotte Brontà « are among the six children born to Reverend Patrick Brontà « and Maria Branwell Brontà « (â€Å"Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬ ). The loss of their mother and two eldest sisters resulted in different responses between Charlotte and Emily, while Emily became shyer, Charlotte developed a dominant attitude (â€Å"Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬ ). Initially unsuccessful, Wuthering Heights was written during the years 1845 and 1846 by Emily Brontà « andRead MoreMystery and Suspense in Gothic Novels758 Words   |  3 Pagesthe boundaries of the genre. The novels Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre follow the gothic tradition in regards to setting, atmosphere, and supernatural events. However, both novels break from tradition in the matters of feminism and heroines. Both novels were influenced by gothic tradition because each novel incorporates characteristics specific to the gothic novels. The majority of Wuthering Heights takes place in the castle-like home of Wuthering Heights. It is damp, dark, and creepy which contributesRead MoreWuthering Heights By Charlotte Bronte1137 Words   |  5 Pagesperiod, built unbreakable embankments against the patriarchal flow, paved the way for the free flow of matriarchy and establishes gender equality and above all sets stage for humanity through their works. Emily Bronte wrote Wuthering Heights, Charlotte Bronte wrote Jane Eyre and Anne Bronte wrote Agnes Grey. They wrote these novels based on their own experiences and close observation of life and conditions of women in male dominated society. Their works of fiction depict the saga of women’s struggleRead MoreCompare And Contrast Emma And Wuthering Heights1562 Words   |  7 Pagesinclined to read the rest of the novel. Jane Austen’s Emma , Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre are considered classic literary works of the nineteenth century; it is probable that their success could be attributed to having a masterful introductory chapter. This conjecture can be supported through the fact that many similarities can be found among each of the chapters. To delve into what makes Emma’s, Wuthering Heights’s and Jane Eyre’s introductory chapters truly captivatingRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Jane Eyre And Brillette1506 Words   |  7 Pages Abigail Burnham Bloom 12/12/2017 Final Exam Wuthering Heights, Jane Eyre and Villette are three of the great novels that were written by Bronte sisters. Emily Bronte, and Charlotte Bronte that were a part of the Bronte literary family. The novel Wuthering Heights was written by Emily Bronte and was her first and only published novel and it was published in 1847. The book wasn’t an instant success but it changed many years later. Jane Eyre and Villette are novels that were written by CharlotteRead MoreThe Lives of Emily and Charlotte Brontà «2000 Words   |  8 Pagesresources of her own life, and gathered substance that served her in numerous ways, for all her novels (â€Å"Brontà «, Charlotte: Life† 2). She learned to use the different styles of writings, and went on creating literature, including her most famous, Jane Eyre, which had been worldly renounced. Charlotte Brontà « worked as a teacher and governess, to stabilize her employment, and to keep a successful income to provide her family, since Branwell, the only son, was unemployed. She wrote under the pseudonymRead MoreEssay on Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights - A Truly Romantic Novel847 Words   |  4 PagesWuthering Heights - A Truly R omantic Novel    Wuthering Heights embodies the idea of a classical Romantic novel.  Ã‚   Written at a time when the novel was just becoming a popular form of entertainment/writing Wuthering Heights employs many of the typical elements of the Romantic writers.   There are elements of innovative experimentation in subject, form, and style, a mixing of genres, use of powerful emotions, and several traits that could also classify Wuthering Heights as a Dark RomanticRead MoreFemale Writers Have Made A Great Impact On Literature Throughout History886 Words   |  4 Pagestheir own back stories. Two of the greatest female writers in history were Jane Austen and Emily Brontà «. Although they are both well-known female writers, their personal histories influenced there themes and modes of writing very differently. Born into a large family on December 16, 1775 in Hampshire, England, Jane Austen was the seventh child of eight. Her family was very close and affectionate toward each other. Although Jane never married, she had a diverse social circle due to her many friends and

Fdi in Lithuania Free Essays

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests its resources in business activities outside its country (Hill, 2002, pp. 8). This essay will critically evaluate the impact of inward FDI in an emerging economy of Lithuania. We will write a custom essay sample on Fdi in Lithuania or any similar topic only for you Order Now First it will be looked at the impact of FDI on technological development and its importance for a country, particularly in Lithuania. Further discussion will be carried to effects on competition and its development, some negative side effects will be mentioned. Later it will be looked at what effect FDI has on Lithuanian national sovereignty and autonomy. Finally conclusions will be provided. Technological diffusion plays central role in the process of economic development (Borensztein, 1995). Emerging economies domestic growth rates are highly dependent on the growth rates of the rest of the world. Therefore, economic growth rates of emerging economies such as Lithuania depends on the extent of a â€Å"catch-up† process in level of technology by adopting and implementing it from leading countries such as for example United States. The main reason is that developing countries lack their own resources in developing own indigenous product and process technology. Such countries must rely on FDI by advanced industrialized nations and multinational corporations (MNCs) for much of technology required to stimulate economic growth. Findlay (1978) claims that FDI increases the rate of technical progress in the host country. Lets look at the example of Mazeikiu Nafta – the largest oil refinery complex in the Baltic region. Lithuania was not able to keep up with technological advances, therefore from early 1980 it had to trust on FDI from other countries. Back then with help of Soviet Union it was one of most modern oil refineries. Later on after the collision of Soviet Union Lithuania was unable to keep up with technological changes so it started inviting foreign investors. One of them was US based MNC Williams International, which promised reconstructing the refinery. However due to legal reasons acquisition was stopped and new investor from Russia came. Yukos promised to modernize and bring Mazeikiu Nafta’s production to western markets. One of the biggest project’s with Yukos was the completion of Bugtine Terminal for crude oil export and import. One of other positive contributions of FDI to a host economy is the upply of capital, management techniques and skills. MNCs have world vide access to individuals with more advanced skills and knowledge. Local employees can easily transfer knowledge and skills from more advanced companies to local firms or even set their own firms. New organizational practices and management techniques are also brought to country with FDI. Local firms copy them in no time. This happened in Lithuania. Latvian company â€Å"Double-Coffee† opened their restaurant in Lithuania, because there was a good market opportunity as there were no other coffee shops. Pretty soon there were other local coffee restaurants and coffee shops that opened for instance â€Å"Coffee Inn†. This was a clear result of knowledge transfer by FDI. FDI by Latvian company had an effect on competition and economic growth of the industry. Adequate level of competition leads to efficient functioning of a market. With different coffee shop brands in Lithuania consumer choice has increased, therefore prices have been driven down this way the economic welfare of consumers was increased. Increased competition tend to stimulate capital investments by firms in plants, equipment, and RD as they struggle to gain an edge over their rivals (Hill, 2002, p217). FDI in coffee shop industry had a positive impact on service quality, because here export was not an option so it had to be produced where it is delivered. Despite all the positive effects FDI had some negative ones too. In grocery store market some foreign MNCs came into the country which have greater economic power than some local ones. Swedish â€Å"Rimi Baltic† was one of the first big MNCs to come into this sector, then â€Å"IKI† followed. They have â€Å"crowded out† local grocery store â€Å"Lenstata†. â€Å"Lenstata† was unable to reach maturity for full competitiveness against foreign competition, the maturig process also didn’t take that long so that the discounted preset social costs could outweigh the social benefits. Other small town local shops were also crowded out because they simply couldn’t offer same variety of goods. Crowding out in this sector in Lithuania can impose a long-term cost on its economy it if holds back the development capabilities or retards the growth of local innovative base. FDI in Lithuania has some negative impacts on national sovereignty and autonomy. FDI from Yukos, â€Å"Rimi Baltic† or other MNCs can cause some loss of economic independence. Key decisions that may affect economy are now made by MNCs controlling such important sectors as for example oil refinery or grocery store industry. The concern is that the governments has no real influence over this. For such as small economy a Lithuania’s this is a threat, because foreign MNCs have no real commitment to the country, however very real impact on its economy. To conclude, this essay has looked at what impact does FDI have on Lithuanian emerging economy. Using various sources evidence was provided to support statement that technological development has an effect on countries overall development. The case of â€Å"Mazeikiu nafta† was mentioned, evidence on what impact foreign MNCs on company’s technological development have was provided. Further discussion was brought to economic impact, example of what positive impact did FDI from Latvian MNC have on Lithuanian coffee market was given. Negative impacts on the economy of Lithuania were also mentioned and the example of grocery stores was provided. References: Borensztein, E. De Gregorio, J. Lee, J-W. , (1998). â€Å"How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth? † Journal of International Economics, vol. 45(1), pages 115-135 Coffee Inn, (http://coffee-inn. lt/blog/apie) [Accessed: 05/12/2009] Double Coffee , (http://www. doublecoffee. lv/eng/company/history/) [Accessed: 05/12/2009] Hill, Charles W. L. (2009) International Business: Competing in the Gl obal Marketplace, 7/E, McGraw-Hill Irwin. Lideika, Petrauskas and Valiunas, Doing business in Lithuania (http://www. lexmundi. com/images/lexmundi/PDF/guide_lithuania. pdf) [Accessed: 30/11/2009] Mazeikiu nafta AB annual report, (http://www. orlenlietuva. lt/repository/pdf/reports/Annual99. pdf) [Accessed: 07/12/2009] Mazeikiu Nafta (http://www. randburg. com/li/maznafta. html) [Accessed: 07/12/2009] New Nations, (http://www. newnations. com/Archive/2002/November/lt. html) [Accessed: 07/12/2009] OECD, Reviews of Foreign Direct Investment, Volume 13, Lithuania RIMI Lietuva, (http://www. rimi. lt/apie-rimi/rimi-lietuva/rimi-istorija/199) [Accessed: 05/12/2009] UAB â€Å"IKI† (http://www. iki. lt/lt. php/apie/dabar) [Accessed: 05/12/2009] World Investment Report (1999), UNCTAD. How to cite Fdi in Lithuania, Papers

Trust versus Mistrust free essay sample

Trust versus Mistrust ( Birth – 18 Months) The result of consistent experience over time. If the interactions infants have with other people in their environment are positive, the infant will learn that people can be trusted. If the interactions lack caring and basic needs of an infant, the developmental crisis is resolved in a negative way. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt ( 18 Months – 3 Years) If a parent are unable to allow the toddler to make mistakes it will lead to a negative resolution of the developmental crisis of learning autonomy. Toddler must explore his/her environment to establish some independence  from the parents. The toddler must be able to make a mess uninterrupted. Initiative versus Guilt ( 3 – 6 Years) Children are attempting to develop a sense of initiative, that they are operators on the environment. When children ask questions and are answered sincerely, positive resolution of the developmental crisis is more likely. If the child’s efforts to explore hir/her questions are treated as a nuisance, the child may feel guilty. We will write a custom essay sample on Trust versus Mistrust or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Industry versus Inferiority (6 – 12 Years) When the child enters school and advances through the elementary grades, the developmental crisis focuses on the child’s ability to win recognition  through performance. A elementary student need generous encouragement and praise for their accomplishments. These students are more likely to develop a sense of industry, an eagerness to produce. Identity versus Role Diffusion (Adolescence) The youth’s attempt to discover his/her identity – to identify those things about himself/herself that are unique. An important aspect is his/her choice of occupation and also his/her emerging sexuality. QUESTION ii 1. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth  ±2 Years) Infants obtain knowledge at this stage through physical experience with the environment. The reflexes that newborns use to build schemes are starting point for cognitive development, and the intellectual changes that accures during this stage are dramatic. 2. Preoperations Stage (2 – 7 Years) The actions of a child at this stage are based on thought, the actions do not always seem logical from an adult perspective. Language grows tremendously during this stage. Take 2 identical objects and ask the children if they are still the sam or different. 3. Concrete operations Stage ( ±7 – 11 Years) This is the first stage in which schemes become organized into Operations that can be used to reason about the world. Children can now mentally reverse events. Take a piece of clay and roll it into a long, skinny ‘’snake’’. Ask the children if there is more clay now or is it the same amount as the beginning. The concrete operational learners will be correct. 4. Formal operations Stage (  ±11 Years – Adult) At this stage one has the ability to think logically. They can verbalize the mental rules they use in solving problems. Give learners object to use in testing a principle of physics. QUESTION iii Self-esteem A person’s evalutation of his/her self-concept and the feelings associated with that evaluation. One can have a high or low self-esteem. High self-esteem students are satisfied with themselves. Low self-esteem students are not satisfied with themselves. Self-concept A person’s description of himself/herself in terms of roles, attributes, or characteristics. The sense of being separate and distinct from others and the awareness of the constancy of the self. 1. Two students who doesn’t know each other interview each other and then stand behind each other telling the class what they have learned about each other. 2. Designing a self-collage about themselves. Their likes, dislikes, places they have been, people they admire etc. 3. Break the class into groups of 4-6 and let everyone in the group tell Something positive of one of each of the group. 4. Each student make a 2-3 minute commercial of themselves. The topic Is why someone should hire me. QUESTION iv The reason one has for acting or behaving in a particular way or the general desire or willingness of someone to do something. Extrinsic Motivation: 1. Only good grades get a sticker. Children work hard so they can be rewarded with a sticker. 2. Earning money for good behavior, academic or social. 3. Student will be held back or doesn’t graduate when they fail a test. 4. If you don’t pass a test you are not allowed to do extra-surricular activities. 5. Takeing a job in an environment that you don’t like, but the money is good. 6. Doing something just to impress someone else. 7. People expect you to do something. 8. Doning something out of embarrassment, shame or fear. Intrinsic Motivation: 1. The pursuit of knowlede. 2. Having more responsibility. 3. Doing something just because you feel good afterwards. 4. Doing something just because you enjoy doning it. 5. Doing projects just to see how the information is relevant to you life. 6. Having a family for the joy of it. QUESTION v The first needs are Physiological needs such as breathing, food, water, sleep. Then safety needs, security of empoyment, morality, health. Third is the belongingness and love needs like friendship, family and affection. Then come esteem needs such as self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others and respect by others. At the highest level comes self-actualization like moraily, creativity, spontaneity and problem solving. Make sure the studens inform the teacher of their needs, such as if a student is having difficulty with breathing. Communication is important. Obtain a fair, orderly and safe calssroom. Grading and discipline plicies must be understood. Students should be aware of the consequences for their actions. Group exercises increases one’s feeling of belongingness. Have a lighthearted and fun class. Ask questions that encourages participation and avoids ambarrasing or singling out students. Encourage students who failed to study harder. QUESTION vi Is a depressed state when a person feels that no matter what he/she does, it will have no influence on important life events. Students who have learned helplessness orientation feel that nothing they do matters. They tend to attribute failures to reasons that are internal and stable. This condition can also arise from teacher-mondatel consequences that are consistent and therfore unpredictable. QUESTION vii Work with indiviuals to change behavior. You can set behavioral goals, determine appropriate reinforcers, select procedures for changing behavior, implement procedures and monitor results, evaluate progress and revise as necessary. You must encourage rule-following behavior in your classroom by responding immediately when a student breaks a rule. Be consistent and be fair. Praise students when they accomplish something, and praise them meaningfully.