Plasma Membrane and Diffusion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plasma Membrane and Diffusion - Case Study Example Dissemination is a methods for dynamic vehicle which results from warm, arbitrary development of sub-atomic particles from locales of high fixations to districts of low concentrations(3). There are six elements which impact dispersions in liquids, these incorporates: Concentration inclination, size of the atoms in question, Distance went by the particles, Temperature of the medium and the particles, Solubility of the particle and the surface zone of the plasma film in which the particle can complete its exercises, Hence the pace of dissemination is given by the proportion of the result of solvency, angle, temperature, surface and the result of separation the particles moves by the square base of the mass of the particle. Dispersion can be ordered into three classifications or types, which incorporate; basic dissemination, channel dissemination and encouraged diffusion(3).Simple dispersion happens when miniaturized scale or little non-polar sub-atomic particles experience a liquid (fl uid or gases) for the most part fluids through a lipid bilayer. This dispersion type is described by hydrophobic atoms moving to hydrophobic districts without being rejected(3). Hydrophilic atoms don't take part in straightforward dissemination since they would be dismissed when they move into the hydrophobic district of the membrane.Channel dispersion is a sort of latent vehicle which includes direct proteins in which the particle travels through an open, fluid pore and it very well may be controlled. Charged particles and particles can go through the pore (1).

Good Eating essays

Great Eating articles Everybody has heard the saying for getting healthy, the kind of food you eat is everything, except what does this idiom really mean? For one to be healthy, the person in question needs to put great, nutritious food into their body that provisions them with enduring vitality. Shockingly, heftiness is a pandemic that has cleared over the United States, and the media's ceaseless focus on the issue has made it a worry for the masses. A few pundits accept that it isn't the duty of the eater. We should propose the inquiry, who is to be faulted? Do we feel for the working man and poor people who can't bear sound nourishments by putting fault on companies, do we assume liability for our own wellbeing propensities, or do we let others, for example, the administration take the fault? Much of the time, the individual who is really to blame with regards to the subject of corpulence and weight is the eater since the individual in question is the one settling on the cognizant choice of what to eat. Be that as it may, there are other cases. Here and there isn't a lot of one can do when they are living check to check in a low-salary network, so they may require some assistance all together Corpulence has even arrived at kids demonstrating that nobody regardless age, nobody is sheltered from this illness. Other medical issues emerge when one is overweight, for example, diabetes, and, As indicated by the National Institutes of Health, Type 2 diabetes represents at any rate 30 percent of all new youth instances of diabetes in this nation (Zinczenko 154). In his article Don't Blame the Eater, David Zinczenko contends that the cheap food industry is adding to the mind-boggling level of youth weight in the United States. He sees that there are no solid options for youngsters and teenagers to take, so the main alternative they are left with is modest and calorie pervaded quick nourishments. The fault is being put on enterprises since cheap food benefactors don't know precisely what they are putting... <!

Angry Birds Fly at MIT

Angry Birds Fly at MIT On Friday afternoon, the students and staff of the senior capstone Mechanical Engineering course 2.009: Product Engineering Processes took to Killian Court (the big grassy quad by the Great Dome) to fire birds at pigs.   They werent just any birds: they were Angry Birds. In 2.009, the students are divided into 8 different color teams.   By December, they will each develop a prototype of a product that can (and in many cases does) go to market; they present their products at a huge event before impressive industry judges.   I should note that 2.009 is possibly the awesomest course at MIT, and I need no further proof than to note that the class was on Mythbusters. Along the way, the teams do some fun engineering projects.   On Friday, that project was to take revenge on some egg-stealing pigs. Professor David Wallace, the King Pig An instructor-pig Staff dressed up for the occasion The students have been working on their siege weapons this week in preparation for the pig battle: Finally, the day of the competition arrived.   Im told that MIT President Susan Hockfield was among the large crowd watching the action. Munitions The weapons set up in Killian Court The pigs and their defenses A majestic setting for the king pig An impressive-looking air cannon, ready to fire Im sorry, but this is the best action shot I could get it was fast and furious! The awards ceremony took place of the steps below the Great Dome. Prof. Wallace presenting the trophy to the victors.   (The flags at left are in the order of team finish.) In the end, it was the green team and their slingshot that triumphed. Thanks to my colleague Mikey Yang 05 and 2.009 for additional photos. And keep a lookout for video of the competition sometime in the future Post Tagged #2.009

Who Is The For The Truth - 862 Words

Let’s try to guess how many jelly beans are in a jar without being able to take them out of the jar. In our quest to figure out the number of jelly beans we exhaust all of understanding of volume and density to narrow down the scope of possible answers but ultimately we always have to just assume it’s a certain number of jelly bean. The quest for the truth occurs in the same way. Everything cannot be proven, so we use abstract assumptions to try to understand things that science is not able to answer. When someone has a question, they form a hypothesis and then test the hypothesis. If the test can be duplicated and the results each time line up with the hypothesis then the person concludes that the hypothesis is true. If the results contradict the hypothesis then the person concludes that the hypothesis is false. This is the scientific method. In my high school physics class we dropped a basketball out of our classroom’s second story window. Every time we let go of the ball it fall to the ground. This consistent outcome backed our hypothesis which was: the ball would fall because the earth’s gravity attracts objects downward. We answered the question of what would happen if we dropped a basketball out of a window by using the scientific method. Our discovery experience occurred only through limited way of observation. As human observation improves more questions are answered and some answers are improved. Astronomers first talked about spiral nebulae in the Milky WayShow MoreRelatedWho Killed Kennedy: Will the Truth Ever be Known? Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pagesflawed people began to have doubts. Jacob Cohen, a university professor, stated that over the years up to 80 percent of people polled said they had doubts about the Warren Commission’s conclusions (Cohen). Over the years there have been many people who have research the information surrounding Kennedy assassination, and inconstancies in the final reports have led them to believe that there was more to the issue than the report exhibited. One theory that some hold is that there were shots fired atRead MoreThe choice about nuclear energy Audience: People or community who are looking forward the truth of1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe choice about nuclear energy Audience: People or community who are looking forward the truth of nuclear energy. Summary: In this paper I will discuss the overall of nuclear energy to rectify some misconception. I will give the advantages and disadvantages for using nuclear energy and let the readers understand the basic idea of it. Executive Summary: Introduction and Background: 　　　　In the recent years, nuclear energy has gotten a comprehensiveRead More Exposing the Falseness of Truth in On the Nature of the Universe1225 Words   |  5 PagesExposing the Falseness of Truth in On the Nature of the Universe  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Truth is in the eye of the beholder. Or is it? Questions regarding the nature of truth have always been central to not only philosophers, but all men (and women, of course) who possess any desire for knowledge. For while truth itself is an elusive concept, it is also the underlying theme of all science -- which is the basis of knowledge -- and so the seeker of learning must first discover his own truth about the world; withoutRead MoreThe Nature and Importance of Truth Essays851 Words   |  4 Pagesexactly is truth? What is true? These questions are two completely different questions. In order to answer what is true, you must first determine what truth actually is. If we look in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, we see the definition that says â€Å"The things that are true†. This is not what we are looking for in a definition of this word, but really there is no defining line between what is true, and what is not. Truth is essentially divided into two main types of truth. There is empirical truth thatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Oedipus, A Play Written By Sophocles1553 Words   |  7 PagesBeckman World Literature 21 November, 15 Blinded by the Truth Oftentimes characters can see perfectly but are blind to the obvious truth; conversely, some characters are in fact blind but have the insight to see the greater truth. Authors sometimes convey dramatic irony through diction that symbolizes something to the audience. Oedipus, a play written by Sophocles, contains numerous accounts where the author uses words to convey a deeper truth about characters and their experiences. Sight, light,Read MoreCore Issues in Ethics and Honesty1659 Words   |  7 Pagesactions. I believe when speaking the truth you will never be â€Å"caught in a lie†. When you are an honest person, people trust you and when people trust you, you earn others respect. I believe that if you are honest you will be a much happier person and you will not feel the guilt associated with lying. My mother always taught me not to lie because the truth will eventually catch up to you. Being honest also builds character. Other people enjoy being around others who are hone st with them. Honesty expressesRead MoreNarrative Of Sojourner Truth1559 Words   |  7 Pagesof glory.† Written by Sojourner Truth (The Narrative of Sojourner Truth) To many people the name Sojourner Truth may sound old, outdated or may even sound obsolete, all things considered that it is one name that should live on in within the hearts of every American and it should receive praise from years to come. Sojourner Truth was an American legend, one that worked for freedom of slaves, women rights and equality for all. We should reflect on Sojourner Truth on account of each speech she madeRead MoreSight and Blindness in Oedipus the King Essay1048 Words   |  5 Pages‘seeing’ to gaining knowledge. Expressions such as â€Å"I see† and â€Å"seeing truth† are used to express understanding of something, but is seeing really the same as knowing? In Oedipus the King, Oedipus’s inability to grasp the truth is despite the fact that he is physically able to see contrasts Teiresias’s knowledge of the truth even though he is blind. The irony of the blind man being knowledgeable, and the seer becoming blind to the truth suggests that the idea that knowledge is not related to physicalRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Oedipus The King977 Words   |  4 Pagesplay numerous people, who tell him of his unknown past, visit Oedipus. Blind to the truth he casts them away until a blind man named Therisis gives a sight of truth to Oedipus. As Oedipus learns the truth he realizes the great evil his life carries. After finding his wife and also mother hung in her bedroom, Oedipus blinds himself with the gold pins that held Jocasta’s robe. Oedipus blind to the truth is finally able to see when the old blind man visits him and tells him the truth about his life. BothRead More The Impact of Truth in Oedipus Rex (the King) Essay example1205 Words   |  5 Pages The Impact of Truth in Oedipus Rex (the King)nbsp;nbsp; Truth has made me strong. This is a quote from Tiresias, one of the characters in Sophocless tragedy, Oedipus Rex. The quote has different meaning and relevance for each of the different characters, but for the character of Creon, the quote is completely true. By the end of the play, the truth had not only prompted Oedipus to forgive Creon, clearing his name of any previous accusations, but the truth had also made Creon Oedipuss

Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre Essay - 809 Words

Throughout the novels Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte countless comparisons of eternal love can be made. Characters within Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre overcame the constraints society had upon them, what appeared to be their destinies and characters were able to overcome themselves. These obstacles were lengthy struggles that characters within each novel were faced with and went through immense pain all for love. The love that characters felt for each other was able to conquer all obstacles that they were faced with so that they could be together. The most important relationship in Wuthering Heights is that between Heathcliff and Catherine. The nature of their love seems to go beyond the kind†¦show more content†¦Jane believes that â€Å"marrying† Rochester while he remains legally tied to Bertha would mean rendering herself a mistress and sacrificing her own integrity for the sake of emotional gratification. On the other hand, her life at Moor House tests her in the opposite manner. There, she enjoys economic independence and engages in worthwhile and useful work, teaching the poor; yet she lacks emotional sustenance. Nonetheless, the events of Jane’s stay at Moor House are necessary tests of Jane’s autonomy. Only after proving her self-sufficiency to herself can the marriage can be one between equals. As Jane says: â€Å"I am my husband’s life as fully as he is mine. . . . To be together is for us to be at once as free as in solitude, as gay as in company. . . . We are precisely suited in character—perfect concord is the result.† Upon examination of these novels as a mirror to everyday individuals, it can be established that people are not able to distinguish between true love and their other emotions. There are those that, beyond doubt, possess true love yet are unable to acknowledge it while there are still those who believe they are in the throes of love when, indeed , they are not. It becomes evident in both of these novels that the situation of undistinguishable love is a prevalent affair between theShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis : Emily, Wuthering Heights, And Jane Eyre924 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis The novels Emma, Wuthering Heights, and Jane Eyre were written by women in the 1800’s. The three writers chose to write and publish their novels under a different name from their own. Emma was written by Jane Austen, and published anonymously in 1815 (Behrens and Rosen 361). Emily Brontà « wrote Wuthering Heights, and was published in 1847 under the name Ellis Bell (Behrens and Rosen 368). The author of Jane Eyre, who was also the sister of Emily Brontà «, was Charlotte Brontà «. ThisRead MoreEssay on Wuthering Heights, Jane Eyre and Pride and Prejudice1903 Words   |  8 PagesWuthering Heights, Jane Eyre and Pride and Prejudice Wuthering Heights presents the theme of love within and outside of marriage. This book has a major female character whose marriage conflicts in some way with her ideal of love. Catherines first love is Heathcliff. She falls in love with him as both grow up together. Yet she finds a different kind of love with Edgar Linton. Catherine decides to marry Edgar, who can satisfy her civilized side. When Heathcliff returnsRead MoreEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights Essay1220 Words   |  5 Pagespursuits of love that may have challenged civilized society. Emily Jane Brontà « and Charlotte Brontà « are among the six children born to Reverend Patrick Brontà « and Maria Branwell Brontà « (â€Å"Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬ ). The loss of their mother and two eldest sisters resulted in different responses between Charlotte and Emily, while Emily became shyer, Charlotte developed a dominant attitude (â€Å"Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬ ). Initially unsuccessful, Wuthering Heights was written during the years 1845 and 1846 by Emily Brontà « andRead MoreMystery and Suspense in Gothic Novels758 Words   |  3 Pagesthe boundaries of the genre. The novels Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre follow the gothic tradition in regards to setting, atmosphere, and supernatural events. However, both novels break from tradition in the matters of feminism and heroines. Both novels were influenced by gothic tradition because each novel incorporates characteristics specific to the gothic novels. The majority of Wuthering Heights takes place in the castle-like home of Wuthering Heights. It is damp, dark, and creepy which contributesRead MoreWuthering Heights By Charlotte Bronte1137 Words   |  5 Pagesperiod, built unbreakable embankments against the patriarchal flow, paved the way for the free flow of matriarchy and establishes gender equality and above all sets stage for humanity through their works. Emily Bronte wrote Wuthering Heights, Charlotte Bronte wrote Jane Eyre and Anne Bronte wrote Agnes Grey. They wrote these novels based on their own experiences and close observation of life and conditions of women in male dominated society. Their works of fiction depict the saga of women’s struggleRead MoreCompare And Contrast Emma And Wuthering Heights1562 Words   |  7 Pagesinclined to read the rest of the novel. Jane Austen’s Emma , Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre are considered classic literary works of the nineteenth century; it is probable that their success could be attributed to having a masterful introductory chapter. This conjecture can be supported through the fact that many similarities can be found among each of the chapters. To delve into what makes Emma’s, Wuthering Heights’s and Jane Eyre’s introductory chapters truly captivatingRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Jane Eyre And Brillette1506 Words   |  7 Pages Abigail Burnham Bloom 12/12/2017 Final Exam Wuthering Heights, Jane Eyre and Villette are three of the great novels that were written by Bronte sisters. Emily Bronte, and Charlotte Bronte that were a part of the Bronte literary family. The novel Wuthering Heights was written by Emily Bronte and was her first and only published novel and it was published in 1847. The book wasn’t an instant success but it changed many years later. Jane Eyre and Villette are novels that were written by CharlotteRead MoreThe Lives of Emily and Charlotte Brontà «2000 Words   |  8 Pagesresources of her own life, and gathered substance that served her in numerous ways, for all her novels (â€Å"Brontà «, Charlotte: Life† 2). She learned to use the different styles of writings, and went on creating literature, including her most famous, Jane Eyre, which had been worldly renounced. Charlotte Brontà « worked as a teacher and governess, to stabilize her employment, and to keep a successful income to provide her family, since Branwell, the only son, was unemployed. She wrote under the pseudonymRead MoreEssay on Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights - A Truly Romantic Novel847 Words   |  4 PagesWuthering Heights - A Truly R omantic Novel    Wuthering Heights embodies the idea of a classical Romantic novel.  Ã‚   Written at a time when the novel was just becoming a popular form of entertainment/writing Wuthering Heights employs many of the typical elements of the Romantic writers.   There are elements of innovative experimentation in subject, form, and style, a mixing of genres, use of powerful emotions, and several traits that could also classify Wuthering Heights as a Dark RomanticRead MoreFemale Writers Have Made A Great Impact On Literature Throughout History886 Words   |  4 Pagestheir own back stories. Two of the greatest female writers in history were Jane Austen and Emily Brontà «. Although they are both well-known female writers, their personal histories influenced there themes and modes of writing very differently. Born into a large family on December 16, 1775 in Hampshire, England, Jane Austen was the seventh child of eight. Her family was very close and affectionate toward each other. Although Jane never married, she had a diverse social circle due to her many friends and

Fdi in Lithuania Free Essays

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests its resources in business activities outside its country (Hill, 2002, pp. 8). This essay will critically evaluate the impact of inward FDI in an emerging economy of Lithuania. We will write a custom essay sample on Fdi in Lithuania or any similar topic only for you Order Now First it will be looked at the impact of FDI on technological development and its importance for a country, particularly in Lithuania. Further discussion will be carried to effects on competition and its development, some negative side effects will be mentioned. Later it will be looked at what effect FDI has on Lithuanian national sovereignty and autonomy. Finally conclusions will be provided. Technological diffusion plays central role in the process of economic development (Borensztein, 1995). Emerging economies domestic growth rates are highly dependent on the growth rates of the rest of the world. Therefore, economic growth rates of emerging economies such as Lithuania depends on the extent of a â€Å"catch-up† process in level of technology by adopting and implementing it from leading countries such as for example United States. The main reason is that developing countries lack their own resources in developing own indigenous product and process technology. Such countries must rely on FDI by advanced industrialized nations and multinational corporations (MNCs) for much of technology required to stimulate economic growth. Findlay (1978) claims that FDI increases the rate of technical progress in the host country. Lets look at the example of Mazeikiu Nafta – the largest oil refinery complex in the Baltic region. Lithuania was not able to keep up with technological advances, therefore from early 1980 it had to trust on FDI from other countries. Back then with help of Soviet Union it was one of most modern oil refineries. Later on after the collision of Soviet Union Lithuania was unable to keep up with technological changes so it started inviting foreign investors. One of them was US based MNC Williams International, which promised reconstructing the refinery. However due to legal reasons acquisition was stopped and new investor from Russia came. Yukos promised to modernize and bring Mazeikiu Nafta’s production to western markets. One of the biggest project’s with Yukos was the completion of Bugtine Terminal for crude oil export and import. One of other positive contributions of FDI to a host economy is the upply of capital, management techniques and skills. MNCs have world vide access to individuals with more advanced skills and knowledge. Local employees can easily transfer knowledge and skills from more advanced companies to local firms or even set their own firms. New organizational practices and management techniques are also brought to country with FDI. Local firms copy them in no time. This happened in Lithuania. Latvian company â€Å"Double-Coffee† opened their restaurant in Lithuania, because there was a good market opportunity as there were no other coffee shops. Pretty soon there were other local coffee restaurants and coffee shops that opened for instance â€Å"Coffee Inn†. This was a clear result of knowledge transfer by FDI. FDI by Latvian company had an effect on competition and economic growth of the industry. Adequate level of competition leads to efficient functioning of a market. With different coffee shop brands in Lithuania consumer choice has increased, therefore prices have been driven down this way the economic welfare of consumers was increased. Increased competition tend to stimulate capital investments by firms in plants, equipment, and RD as they struggle to gain an edge over their rivals (Hill, 2002, p217). FDI in coffee shop industry had a positive impact on service quality, because here export was not an option so it had to be produced where it is delivered. Despite all the positive effects FDI had some negative ones too. In grocery store market some foreign MNCs came into the country which have greater economic power than some local ones. Swedish â€Å"Rimi Baltic† was one of the first big MNCs to come into this sector, then â€Å"IKI† followed. They have â€Å"crowded out† local grocery store â€Å"Lenstata†. â€Å"Lenstata† was unable to reach maturity for full competitiveness against foreign competition, the maturig process also didn’t take that long so that the discounted preset social costs could outweigh the social benefits. Other small town local shops were also crowded out because they simply couldn’t offer same variety of goods. Crowding out in this sector in Lithuania can impose a long-term cost on its economy it if holds back the development capabilities or retards the growth of local innovative base. FDI in Lithuania has some negative impacts on national sovereignty and autonomy. FDI from Yukos, â€Å"Rimi Baltic† or other MNCs can cause some loss of economic independence. Key decisions that may affect economy are now made by MNCs controlling such important sectors as for example oil refinery or grocery store industry. The concern is that the governments has no real influence over this. For such as small economy a Lithuania’s this is a threat, because foreign MNCs have no real commitment to the country, however very real impact on its economy. To conclude, this essay has looked at what impact does FDI have on Lithuanian emerging economy. Using various sources evidence was provided to support statement that technological development has an effect on countries overall development. The case of â€Å"Mazeikiu nafta† was mentioned, evidence on what impact foreign MNCs on company’s technological development have was provided. Further discussion was brought to economic impact, example of what positive impact did FDI from Latvian MNC have on Lithuanian coffee market was given. Negative impacts on the economy of Lithuania were also mentioned and the example of grocery stores was provided. References: Borensztein, E. De Gregorio, J. Lee, J-W. , (1998). â€Å"How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth? † Journal of International Economics, vol. 45(1), pages 115-135 Coffee Inn, (http://coffee-inn. lt/blog/apie) [Accessed: 05/12/2009] Double Coffee , (http://www. doublecoffee. lv/eng/company/history/) [Accessed: 05/12/2009] Hill, Charles W. L. (2009) International Business: Competing in the Gl obal Marketplace, 7/E, McGraw-Hill Irwin. Lideika, Petrauskas and Valiunas, Doing business in Lithuania (http://www. lexmundi. com/images/lexmundi/PDF/guide_lithuania. pdf) [Accessed: 30/11/2009] Mazeikiu nafta AB annual report, (http://www. orlenlietuva. lt/repository/pdf/reports/Annual99. pdf) [Accessed: 07/12/2009] Mazeikiu Nafta (http://www. randburg. com/li/maznafta. html) [Accessed: 07/12/2009] New Nations, (http://www. newnations. com/Archive/2002/November/lt. html) [Accessed: 07/12/2009] OECD, Reviews of Foreign Direct Investment, Volume 13, Lithuania RIMI Lietuva, (http://www. rimi. lt/apie-rimi/rimi-lietuva/rimi-istorija/199) [Accessed: 05/12/2009] UAB â€Å"IKI† (http://www. iki. lt/lt. php/apie/dabar) [Accessed: 05/12/2009] World Investment Report (1999), UNCTAD. How to cite Fdi in Lithuania, Papers

Trust versus Mistrust free essay sample

Trust versus Mistrust ( Birth – 18 Months) The result of consistent experience over time. If the interactions infants have with other people in their environment are positive, the infant will learn that people can be trusted. If the interactions lack caring and basic needs of an infant, the developmental crisis is resolved in a negative way. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt ( 18 Months – 3 Years) If a parent are unable to allow the toddler to make mistakes it will lead to a negative resolution of the developmental crisis of learning autonomy. Toddler must explore his/her environment to establish some independence  from the parents. The toddler must be able to make a mess uninterrupted. Initiative versus Guilt ( 3 – 6 Years) Children are attempting to develop a sense of initiative, that they are operators on the environment. When children ask questions and are answered sincerely, positive resolution of the developmental crisis is more likely. If the child’s efforts to explore hir/her questions are treated as a nuisance, the child may feel guilty. We will write a custom essay sample on Trust versus Mistrust or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Industry versus Inferiority (6 – 12 Years) When the child enters school and advances through the elementary grades, the developmental crisis focuses on the child’s ability to win recognition  through performance. A elementary student need generous encouragement and praise for their accomplishments. These students are more likely to develop a sense of industry, an eagerness to produce. Identity versus Role Diffusion (Adolescence) The youth’s attempt to discover his/her identity – to identify those things about himself/herself that are unique. An important aspect is his/her choice of occupation and also his/her emerging sexuality. QUESTION ii 1. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth  ±2 Years) Infants obtain knowledge at this stage through physical experience with the environment. The reflexes that newborns use to build schemes are starting point for cognitive development, and the intellectual changes that accures during this stage are dramatic. 2. Preoperations Stage (2 – 7 Years) The actions of a child at this stage are based on thought, the actions do not always seem logical from an adult perspective. Language grows tremendously during this stage. Take 2 identical objects and ask the children if they are still the sam or different. 3. Concrete operations Stage ( ±7 – 11 Years) This is the first stage in which schemes become organized into Operations that can be used to reason about the world. Children can now mentally reverse events. Take a piece of clay and roll it into a long, skinny ‘’snake’’. Ask the children if there is more clay now or is it the same amount as the beginning. The concrete operational learners will be correct. 4. Formal operations Stage (  ±11 Years – Adult) At this stage one has the ability to think logically. They can verbalize the mental rules they use in solving problems. Give learners object to use in testing a principle of physics. QUESTION iii Self-esteem A person’s evalutation of his/her self-concept and the feelings associated with that evaluation. One can have a high or low self-esteem. High self-esteem students are satisfied with themselves. Low self-esteem students are not satisfied with themselves. Self-concept A person’s description of himself/herself in terms of roles, attributes, or characteristics. The sense of being separate and distinct from others and the awareness of the constancy of the self. 1. Two students who doesn’t know each other interview each other and then stand behind each other telling the class what they have learned about each other. 2. Designing a self-collage about themselves. Their likes, dislikes, places they have been, people they admire etc. 3. Break the class into groups of 4-6 and let everyone in the group tell Something positive of one of each of the group. 4. Each student make a 2-3 minute commercial of themselves. The topic Is why someone should hire me. QUESTION iv The reason one has for acting or behaving in a particular way or the general desire or willingness of someone to do something. Extrinsic Motivation: 1. Only good grades get a sticker. Children work hard so they can be rewarded with a sticker. 2. Earning money for good behavior, academic or social. 3. Student will be held back or doesn’t graduate when they fail a test. 4. If you don’t pass a test you are not allowed to do extra-surricular activities. 5. Takeing a job in an environment that you don’t like, but the money is good. 6. Doing something just to impress someone else. 7. People expect you to do something. 8. Doning something out of embarrassment, shame or fear. Intrinsic Motivation: 1. The pursuit of knowlede. 2. Having more responsibility. 3. Doing something just because you feel good afterwards. 4. Doing something just because you enjoy doning it. 5. Doing projects just to see how the information is relevant to you life. 6. Having a family for the joy of it. QUESTION v The first needs are Physiological needs such as breathing, food, water, sleep. Then safety needs, security of empoyment, morality, health. Third is the belongingness and love needs like friendship, family and affection. Then come esteem needs such as self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others and respect by others. At the highest level comes self-actualization like moraily, creativity, spontaneity and problem solving. Make sure the studens inform the teacher of their needs, such as if a student is having difficulty with breathing. Communication is important. Obtain a fair, orderly and safe calssroom. Grading and discipline plicies must be understood. Students should be aware of the consequences for their actions. Group exercises increases one’s feeling of belongingness. Have a lighthearted and fun class. Ask questions that encourages participation and avoids ambarrasing or singling out students. Encourage students who failed to study harder. QUESTION vi Is a depressed state when a person feels that no matter what he/she does, it will have no influence on important life events. Students who have learned helplessness orientation feel that nothing they do matters. They tend to attribute failures to reasons that are internal and stable. This condition can also arise from teacher-mondatel consequences that are consistent and therfore unpredictable. QUESTION vii Work with indiviuals to change behavior. You can set behavioral goals, determine appropriate reinforcers, select procedures for changing behavior, implement procedures and monitor results, evaluate progress and revise as necessary. You must encourage rule-following behavior in your classroom by responding immediately when a student breaks a rule. Be consistent and be fair. Praise students when they accomplish something, and praise them meaningfully.

Free Essays on Instinct Or Free Will

, what they do is not explainable solely by references to factors that have influenced them. My thesis then, is that human beings are able to cause their own actions and they are therefore responsible for what they do. In a basic sense we are all original actors capable of making moves in the world. We are initiators of our own behavior. The first matter to be noted is that this view is in no way in contradiction to science. Free will is a natural phenomenon, something that emerged in nature with the emergence of human beings, with their kinds of minds, minds that can think and be aware of their own thinking. Nature is complicated. It includes many different sorts of things and one of these is human beings. Such beings exhibit one unique yet natural attribute that others things apparently do not- that is free will. A reason why some think that free will is not possible is because many believe that the only way we know about nature is from observations that we collect. Since observation can not give us a justification of free will, it is easy to think that there isn’t any such thing. Free will may not be something that we can see directly, but what best explains what we do see in human life. This may include, for example, the mistakes that human beings make in contrast to the few mistakes that other animals make. We also notice that human beings do all kinds of odd things that cannot be accounted for. We can examine a person’s background and find that some people with bad childhoods turn out to be decent, and vise versa. Free will comes as a very helpful explanation of this. Another matter that might count against free will is that the beings in nature do not exhibit free will. Dogs, lizards, fish... Free Essays on Instinct Or Free Will Free Essays on Instinct Or Free Will Free Will- A Matter of Perspective I want to argue that there is indeed free will. In order to defend the position that free will means that human beings can cause some of what they do on their own; in other words, what they do is not explainable solely by references to factors that have influenced them. My thesis then, is that human beings are able to cause their own actions and they are therefore responsible for what they do. In a basic sense we are all original actors capable of making moves in the world. We are initiators of our own behavior. The first matter to be noted is that this view is in no way in contradiction to science. Free will is a natural phenomenon, something that emerged in nature with the emergence of human beings, with their kinds of minds, minds that can think and be aware of their own thinking. Nature is complicated. It includes many different sorts of things and one of these is human beings. Such beings exhibit one unique yet natural attribute that others things apparently do not- that is free will. A reason why some think that free will is not possible is because many believe that the only way we know about nature is from observations that we collect. Since observation can not give us a justification of free will, it is easy to think that there isn’t any such thing. Free will may not be something that we can see directly, but what best explains what we do see in human life. This may include, for example, the mistakes that human beings make in contrast to the few mistakes that other animals make. We also notice that human beings do all kinds of odd things that cannot be accounted for. We can examine a person’s background and find that some people with bad childhoods turn out to be decent, and vise versa. Free will comes as a very helpful explanation of this. Another matter that might count against free will is that the beings in nature do not exhibit free will. Dogs, lizards, fish...

Joseph Winters and the Fire Escape Ladder

Joseph Winters and the Fire Escape Ladder On May 7, 1878, the fire escape ladder was patented by Joseph Winters. Joseph Winters invented a wagon-mounted fire escape ladder for the city of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. A historic marker was placed in 2005 at the Junior Hose and Truck Company #2 in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania noting Winters patents for the fire escape ladder and hose conductor and his work on the Underground Railway. It lists his dates of birth and death as 1816-1916. Life of Joseph Winters There are at least three different, widely varying birth years given for Joseph Winters, from 1816 to 1830 by various sources. His mother was Shawnee and his father, James, was a black brickmaker who worked at Harpers Ferry to build the federal gun factory and arsenal. The familys tradition said that his father was also descended Powhatan chief  Opechancanough. Joseph was raised by his grandmother Betsy Cross in Waterford, Virginia, where she was known as the Indian Doctor woman, a herbalist and healer. His later knowledge of nature may have stemmed from this time. At that time there were free black families in the area and Quakers who were active abolitionists. Winters used the nickname Indian Dick in his publications. Joseph also later worked at Harpers Ferry sanding brick molds before the family moved to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. In Chambersburg, he was active in the Underground Railroad, helping enslaved people escape to freedom. In Winters  autobiography, he claimed to have arranged the meeting between Frederick Douglass and abolitionist John Brown at the quarry in Chambersburg before the historic Harpers Ferry raid. Douglasss autobiography credits a different person, local barber Henry Watson. Winters wrote a song, Ten Days After the Battle of Gettysburg, and also used that as the title for his lost autobiography. He also wrote a campaign song for presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan, who lost to William McKinley. He was noted for hunting, fishing, and fly-tying. He engaged in oil prospecting in the Chambersburg area but his wells only hit the water. He died in 1916 and is buried in Mount Lebanon Cemetery in Chambersburg. Fire Ladder Inventions of Joseph Winters Buildings were being built taller and taller in American cities in the late 19th century. Fire crews at that time carried ladders on their horse-drawn fire engines. These were usually normal ladders, and they couldnt be too long or the engine wouldnt be able to turn corners into narrow streets or alleys. These ladders were used to evacuate residents from burning buildings as well as to give the firemen and their hoses access. Winters thought it would be smarter to have the ladder mounted on the fire engine and be articulated so it could be raised up from the wagon itself. He made this folding design for the city of Chambersburg and received a patent for it. He later patented improvements to this design. In 1882 he patented a fire escape that could be attached to buildings. He reportedly received much praise but little money for his inventions. Fire Ladder Patents US patent #203,517 Improvement in fire-escape ladders, granted on May 7, 1878.US patent #214,224 Improvement in fire-escape ladders, granted on April 8, 1879.US patent #258186 Fire escape, granted on May 16, 1882.

Life and work of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Essay

Life and work of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - Essay Example It was amazing that Tchaikovsky was not even a professional musician. The Great Russian composer had education in a particular career as a civil servant. Pyotr was born from a family that had a long military experience. His father who was mostly of Russian ethnicity worked as an engineer in the Department of Mine. All the parents were trained in arts including music, which was very important especially considering that they lived in a very remote region. At the age of six, Tchaikovsky was already fluent in French and Germany through the help of the teacher who was hired to teach Tchaikovsky elder brother Nikolai and a niece of the family (Burt 2001, p. 410 -411). At age of four, Pyotr took piano lessons where he proved to be an intelligent pupil who could clearly read music proficiently within three years. His parents were very helpful and engaged a tutor and buying him musical instruments such orchestrion. However, the parents changed their mind in around 1850 and sent him to Imperi al School of Jurisprudence in Saint Petersburg maybe because they grew insensitive towards musical gift for their son and perhaps lack of better musical career in Russia at that time. Pyotr’s father also became broke and may have wanted Pyotr to remain independent as soon as possible. Music career was considered to be a very low career in Russia (Kavanaugh 1996, p.50-51). The fact that both Tchaikovsky’s parents schooled in Saint Petersburg, they felt it important to take their son to The School of Jurisprudence which they felt would prepare their son for a career as a civil servant at the age of 10 and this made him board for two years. It forced him to stay almost 1,300 km away from his family and later begun a seven year course of studies after his two years in preparatory school. Separation of Tchaikovsky from his mother made him have an emotional suffering that affected him for the rest of his life and was further increased by his mother’s death in 1854. Tc hikovsky mourned his mother for the rest of his life as he termed it the â€Å"crucial event† and claimed that it was vivid to him. His mother’s loss also made him to make his initial stern composition called a waltz in her memory. The father thought it wise to take his son back to school so that his mind can be occupied with academic work which later made Tchaikovsky made lifelong friendship with fellow students Aleksey Apukhtin and Vladimir Gerard. Music greatly unified them and they maintained an extracurricular activity where they habitually attended the opera. Tchaikovsky further went ahead with his piano lessons by the help of an instrument maker Franz Becker who made several trips to the school. In 1855, Tchaikovsky father employed Mr. Rudolph Kundinger as a private teacher who suggested to his father that Pyotr did not have any future as a musician but later confirmed that his decision was based on his negative experience as a musician. Tchaikovsky’s fat her remained receptive about music career and did not know what to do about it making him to advice his son to finish school and try for a post in the Ministry of Justice.

Cell Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cell Theory - Assignment Example The paper describes all the peculiarities of the cell theory. A cell organelle is the part of a cell that has a specific function. Organelles are usually located inside the cytoplasm of a living cell, and are typically enclosed in a membrane called plasma membrane. They are called "organelles" because their importance to a cell is analogous to the importance of organs of to a body. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have cell organelles; however, there are some important differences between the two. The organelles in prokaryotic cells are not organized or enclosed in plasma membranes. Major cell organelles include chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, nucleus and vacuoles. Chloroplasts have double membranes as well as their own DNA, and perform photosynthesis. They are present in plants and some algae. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has a single membrane and is responsible for transport as well as synthesis of proteins. It is of two types – rough ER, who se surface appears to be rough because of the presence of ribosomes, and smooth ER, whose surface appears to be smooth. Golgi apparatus is also singe-membraned and is responsible for protein sorting and modification.... Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have cell organelles; however, there are some important differences between the two. The organelles in prokaryotic cells are not organized or enclosed in plasma membranes. Major cell organelles include chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, nucleus and vacuoles. Chloroplasts have double membranes as well as their own DNA, and perform photosynthesis. They are present in plants and some algae. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has a single membrane and is responsible for transport as well as synthesis of proteins. It is of two types – rough ER, whose surface appears to be rough because of the presence of ribosomes, and smooth ER, whose surface appears to be smooth. Golgi apparatus is also singe-membraned and is responsible for protein sorting and modification. The mitochondrion is also called as the powerhouse of the cell because it is responsible for energy production, and like chloroplasts, it also has a double membrane and its own DNA. The nucleus has both Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and is responsible for maintenance and proper distribution of DNA during cell division. Vacuoles function as storage reservoirs of the cell. Minor organelles of the cell include autophagosomes that collect material from the cytoplasm for degradation, centrioles that enable cell division, ribosomes that help in the production of proteins, lysosomes that are responsible for processing or breakdown of large molecules into simpler ones, nucleolus that produces ribosomes, and vesicles that function as material transporters in the cell. Many other organelles exist based on the type of organism.

Beauty and The Color Purple :: essays research papers fc

â€Å"Though we travel the world over to find the beautiful, we must carry it with us or we find it not† -Ralph Waldo Emerson As stated by Emerson, beauty cannot be found unless carried within one’s self first. In the novel by Alice Walker, â€Å"The Color Purple†, Celie finds out that beauty is not real unless it is first found within, so that that beauty felt can reflect for others to see. [Celie went through traumatic struggles before she ever felt beautiful starting with the treatment of influential men in her life. Although she felt more connection with women in her life, her early encounters with Shug greatly accounted for her self worth at the time. However, Celie could not be beautiful to others unless she found beauty within herself, for herself.]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the majority of the novel, Celie was never told she was or could be beautiful by men, she was told how much of nothing she was to them. Beauty was something Celie learned was for women who enjoyed having sex, something for women who had confidence, which was something she could never feel for herself. She was constantly mis treated and told what to do by men like her father and Albert. The book opens with her being raped by her father. He tells her to tell nobody but God, and she begins to be scared of saying â€Å"no† to men, she feels she needs to take the abuse, Celie would â€Å"be wood† because wood does not feel pain. Her father dominates and makes Celie feel like she was bad, like she did something to deserve this. She felt she was worth little because she should allow her father to do thing like this to her. She felt controlled, dominated and therefore subordinate to men. Her self worth had gone from little down to nothing, and she was to ld by her father how ugly she was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only had her father told her she was ugly, Shug Avery also took it into her own hands when attempting to make Celie feel ugly. Celie began to feel even worse when she first met Shug Avery, and the excitement she had to see Shug, was ruined as a dark shadow hovered over Celie, making her feel more ugly than she had ever thought. Shug Avery was spoken about by Albert like some kind of Goddess. She was the epitome of beauty for Celie because Albert had spoken about her so fondly.

Blindside Movie Analysis Essay

I am writing an essay that is analyzing the movie The Blind Side and relating it to the essay â€Å"Seeking and Making Culture: Representing the Poor† by bell hooks. The issue that is motivating me to write is to show that there is collateral learning in this movie and to show that there are contradictory and stereotypical images of poverty. A writer that has addressed the issue about poverty and the poor class is bell hooks, using her personal experiences to influence her writing in the essay. My working thesis is that there is chances in life that a person may come along that would change our life perspectives. How we approach that change and be courageous enough to do something about it may have a lifelong impact on another person and might make a huge difference. My audience is teenagers, young adults and adults to help them get rid of the stereotypical image of poor people in the world. I think my use of specific details from the movie is working best. The parts of my ess ay that I am least satisfied with are tying the article from hooks back to the movie. The kinds of feedback that I would like are to make sure I answered all of the questions of WAR and that I was specific enough in my essay. The Blind Side describes the struggle of a Black man to become part of the White society. Michael Oher, the main character in the story shows the audience how a black man experiences mistreatment and discrimination from his white community that is the common trend of American mainstream. However, the film also wants to deconstruct the traditional perceptions towards White Americans through the Tuohy family. In this movie, the  director shows how White Americans like the Tuohy family accepts Michael for who he is and what he wants to be. The Tuohys become Michael’s enduring power, armor, and salvation as he faces his new path of transformation, social acceptance, and immersion. From this sense, it can be perceived that Hancock’s film depicts the notion of popular culture as it emphasizes the different issues of the society such as race, racism, cultural differences, cultural interaction, and other ideas about culture and society. Having an extreme difference in terms o f race, lifestyle, social background, and social status, the two races are combined together under one roof to describe the possible repulsion that might occur as well as the attraction that can happen between them. However, it is not only this internal repulsion or attraction that is presented as a conflict of the film, but also the people within the Tuohys social surroundings. Since Leigh Anne and Sean are influential individuals because of their profession, people around them think that adopting Michael taints their good reputation. This is one of the major struggles of the Tuohy family along with Michael, but they stand up against their foes and prove to these people that Michael is more civilized than those who continue to criticize him. In article â€Å"Seeing and Making Culture: Representing the Poor†, bell hooks brings to the surface issues involving people of higher classes compared to those in poverty. In addressing issues like assumptions made about the poor, how the poor are viewed in popular culture and how the poor are represented on television or in movies. One of hooks main arguments is brought into focus throughout the movie. The concept of popular culture emerges in this film in three distinct themes: racism within the football team, the lifestyle of the socialites, and when an upcoming superstar is â€Å"made,† people keep an eye on this individual. Logically, racism occurs in television, radio, movies, and other types of media. Most of the time, these industries use racism as a form of stereotyping. That is why common people utilize these ideals; they think that it is accepted in the society. This is what happened to Michael. He faces discrimination inside his own classroom. Even his teacher demonstrates the differences of how a White teacher interacts with a Black student like him. It is a form of stereotype that the media continues to express towards its audience. Another example of popular culture in this film is when Michael begins his football career. When the football coach,  Burt Cotton sees Michael’s potential, he accepts the main character as a student of Wingate Christian School. This is also the beginning of Michael’s popularity. People, even the coaches and owners of different universities, want Michael to become part of their school. That is why despite Michael’s academic records and race, they are interested in him. People begin to keep their eyes on Michael’s actions and achievements because he becomes popular and he soon becomes part of their lifestyle. In hooks article, one of her main arguments is about false assumptions made about the poor from her life experiences. She states, â€Å"That the poor class were almost always portrayed the poor as shiftless, mindless, lazy, dishonest, and unworthy†. This relates to the movie because the Tuohys community has specific sets of moral values. They believe that Black Americans are unacceptable within their community or surroundings because they are the roots of negativities. This is also an example of high culture being looked at as a superior culture. The Tuohys do not change this norm, but they create their own values by accepting Michael and believe in him and his capabilities as a person. The Blindside and hooks article helps us learn that there is more to a story then just what is put on the screen. The story line is a lot deeper and has a lot of other meanings then we think. The Tuohys’ ideology is different from the standard culture of the society, but because they are part of their community, they have to express their ideology. It is hard in the beginning to show their different point of view, but they win the battle against their foes because Michael shows that he is different from the stereotypic character of a Black American. Work Cited Greene, Stuart, and April Lidinsky. From Inquiry to Academic Writing: A Text and Reader. 2nd ed. Boston: Bedford/St.Martins, 2008. 344-49, 358-71. Print.

The Model Minority Theory The Cause of an Overlooked...

The Model Minority theory is a concept that puts the assumption in the minds of people that all persons who are from Asian or of Asian decent are successful, smart, hard working, and model citizens who respect the authority of their country. The Model Minority theory became very apparent in 1966 when two major magazines, New York Times Magazine and U.S. New and World Report, each published articles that gave praise to the great achievements of Asian Americans (Fong 62.) While the theory might appear to give Asians praise for their hard work and success, in reality it covers up and marginalizes the real experiences Asian Americans face. For example, one of the ways the Model Minority theory harms the Asian American community is that it†¦show more content†¦The theory was initially used to describe Asians successful immigration and assimilation into the United States culture in the 1960s (Chou 220.) As time passed, however, the more modern idea of what Model Minority theory is known as today began to take shape. Model Minority theory misleads people to think that all Asian Americans have a successful job and do not face any financial troubles. Due to this Asian Americans who do not have a have a high income, a good education, and an overall good quality of life are overlooked and marginalized. In fact, contrary to common belief, many Asian Americans do not have a good education or job (Fong 68.) When looking at the actual demographics of Asian Americans it is found that many of them have working class and low-wage jobs. The Model Minority theory over looks the fact that while Asian Americans do tend to have a higher annual income than most white families, they also have the highest rates of poverty (Fong 68.) These people and families might be excluded from programs aimed at helping people in need because they are of Asian decent. This can lead to struggling families to fall further into their struggle and almost disappear from the public eye, lost a nd forgotten. From this Asian face a subtle form of racism, because they might be denied help from these programs solely because they are of Asian decent. Thus the Model Minority theory causes an unfair advantage forShow MoreRelatedThe Work Of Brenda Weber Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesContinuing with the work of Brenda Weber, she highlights one other large factor in which can help stray from the banking model of education and thus makes students feel included and interested in participating. Weber states that when designing a course she â€Å"(f)irst, I built on my strengths. . . (s)econd, I listened to them (students)† (Weber, 135/136); these steps seem easy enough, yet in my experience as a student and as a teacher, I have hardly witnessed such an occasion. I would hypothesize thatRead MoreFraming The Study On The Classroom1815 Words   |  8 Pageswas collected from students concerning their whole school year. The research looked at a handful of students grades in non- minority teacher classes compared to their grades in minority students classes. I also had over 100 students ranging from 17-18 years old all graduating seniors to complete a survey concerning their feelings about minority teachers compared to non-minority teachers. The last piece of research I used for this study was a district-wide survey given to all students. This survey focusedRead MoreRacism: The Grand Obstacle of Society’s Advancement1064 Words   |  5 Pagesbasketball coach, Kevin Downes, resigned over racist tweets. His players and other students in the school entangled themselves in racism charges that happened during a loss to an all minority team. School officials from the school were disappointed that he resigned but applauded him, as they should have, for being a good role model. Downes made sure that his team recognized their level of disrespectfulness towards the other team by allowing the district to suspend them for a year. This goes to show everyoneRead M oreThe Tech World Is Notorious For Having Diversity Issues1902 Words   |  8 Pagestop companies and start-ups. The lack of diversity within these organizations leads to minorities struggling to earn bonuses or promotions and ultimately hinders their success. Because the future of the human race lies in technology, the lack of diversity in the tech industry will inevitably produce hidden biases throughout our society that will remain for a long time. 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My main aim is to find out if racism is the main cause of the gap between different ethnic groups inRead More The Intersection of Race, Sexual Orientation and Religion in the Gay Community3126 Words   |  13 PagesIntersectionality is a relevant theory for some gay, lesbian or bisexual individuals. Intersectionality studies the relationships among multiple dimensions and modalities of social relationships and subject formations (McCall, 2005). The theory argues, pursues and considers how gender, race, sexual orientation and other categories of identity interact on many and often concurring levels of social relationships, therefore allowing discrimination and social inequity. Intersectionality explainsRead MoreEvidence-Informed Practice: an Evaluation of the David Bennett Inquiry Report3537 Words   |  15 PagesAuthority (NSCSHA) to investigate the death of Mr David Bennett. I will define evidence-informed practice (EIP) and summarise the inquiry report. I shall highlight and critically analyse some of the key issues raised in the report in relation to ethnic minority issues. Finally, I will discuss the implications of evidence-informed practice for social work as well as my own future practice. EIP in social work began in the early 1990s when contemporary writers Geraldine MacDonald and her colleagues wroteRead MoreThe Impact Of Andersen On The Accounting Industry2173 Words   |  9 PagesFrom a keen perspective, having many parties work on a particular task with undefined rules and powers would result in misunderstandings. Similarly, Andersen was a victim of bad partnerships and had to face significant challenges. Before the exact cause of the problem was established, the damage had already occurred, and bankruptcy declared on the firm. Question 3 As a managing partner of Andersen, there are a number of factors that ought to have been included to avoid the occurrences that were observed

Ethics And A New Accountants Perspective On Enron

The Law, Ethics and a New Accountant’s Perspective on Enron Ethics is a decision one makes in knowing the right thing to do and actually doing the right thing. They are the rules of behavior based on one’s belief of what is morally good and bad. A person may hear the word ethics and immediately think of government or the law. Not only does ethics have a role in government, it also plays a major role in business, including accounting. Schroeder, Clark Cathey (2014) state that the â€Å"reason for a high level of ethical conduct is the need for public confidence in the quality of services provided by the profession† (pg. 624). Ethical conduct not only encourages a high standard of performance; it also encourages a high quality of professional†¦show more content†¦Morals and virtues also play a major role in one’s ethical behavior. Morals are rules that one learns as a result of their childhood upbringing and culture. Morals differ from ethics because morals are personal in nature; on the other hand, ethical stand ards must be same for everyone. Virtues are positive character traits such as integrity and honesty, which a person develops over time. Moral and ethics are classified as good and bad, while laws are categorized as right or wrong. A person’s ethical beliefs not only influence their decisions on a day-to-day basis, they also influence business decisions in many ways. Seldom are ethical decisions clear and concise this is due to the fact that a person’s culture and demographics influence their ethical decisions. As a new accountant employed by Enron one of the first red flags would have been their mark to market accounting method. This method allowed the company to value an asset or liability at the current market price. In doing this, they were able to pick any value that would make their books look good. Executives at Enron were able to speculate and record projected earnings from natural gas and record these unrealized earnings as revenue. This accounting method is subjective and easily manipulated. As the recording of

Frankenstein - The Humanity of the Monster Essay - 1407 Words

Frankenstein - The Humanity of the Monster Sometimes, in novels like Frankenstein, the motives of the author are unclear. It is clear however, that one of the many themes Mary Shelley presents is the humanity of Victor Frankensteins creation. Although she presents evidence in both support and opposition to the creations humanity, it is apparent that this being is indeed human. His humanity is not only witnessed in his physical being, but in his intellectual and emotional thoughts as well. His humanity is argued by the fact that being human does not mean coming from a specific genetic chain and having family to relate to, but to embrace many of the distinct traits that set humans apart from other animals in this†¦show more content†¦As any human would, Phil seeks food, comfort, and shelter, even before he knew what adequate shelter was. On page 131, Phil states that he longs to obtain food and shelter, but the sight of a hut was new to him. Of course, Phil never obtains any adequate shelter and is sustained only by what he can obtain from the forest (berries, roots, etc.). It is normal for any animal on this earth to join its own society, group, herd, or pack. North American wolf packs are notorious for having a social system where one wolf becomes the outcast. The story of the Lone Wolf (sometimes referred to as the omega wolf) is one very similar to Phils. The Lone Wolf, though he is no less of a wolf than any other, must endure a life of exile and hardship, often fighting for himself, against odds. Social exile is not as uncommon as one would think, however it is the main argument against Phils humanity. This isnt to say that Phil does not want to join human society, for he makes a number of unsuccessful initial attempts, but is driven away every time (136). By this it can be viewed that Phil has no living connections in the world. This is perhaps the greatest argument that Shelley makes against Phils humanity. His unsuccessful attempts at interacting with humans only discourage him temporarily, as his wanderings bring him to the cottage of a poor, exiled French family. During hisShow MoreRelatedIs Humanity Really Frankenstein s Monster?1619 Words   |  7 PagesIs Humanity Really Frankenstein’s Monster? According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a monster is described as â€Å"part animal and part human†, â€Å"ferocious†, â€Å"ugly†, and â€Å"frightening†. Yet at the same time, a monster can be â€Å"amazing† and â€Å"extraordinary† . From these characteristics alone, a monster can essentially be anything. In the literal sense, a monster is perceived to be large and physically grotesque, however inner qualities of monstrosity can be easily masked, and are therefore often overlookedRead MoreThe Differences Between Human And Humanity Through The Construction Of Frankenstein s Monster Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences between human and humanity through the construction of Frankenstein’s Monster Throughout Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein’s creation helps readers and analysts grapple and wrestle with the concept of humanity. Through this journey, the reader gains a deeper understanding of not only humanity but also how humanity is assigned. These discoveries also allow the reader to reflect on their own preconceived ideas on the difference between humanity and biology as well as delvingRead MoreSeparation Between the Narration in Response to Frankenstein Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesIn reading Frankenstein, by Mary Shelly, a motif of distance and separateness can be discerned from the text. In the structure of the narrative, the reader is distant from the action. The setting of the narrative is situated often in isolated and nearly inaccessible areas, creating separateness between the action of the story and the everyday world. The Frankenstein monster is remote compared to the rest of world by narrative structure, geographic area, and h is namelessness. The reader must lookRead MoreDuality In Frankenstein Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesGrowing up, everyone is afraid of monsters, constantly checking under their beds and searching for what’s around every corner. But, were they looking in the right places? In the gothic fiction novel, Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus, Mary Shelley shows how a person is capable of monstrosity. Shelly portrays the maliciousness of society and uses her characters to show the dark turn one’s life can take when exposed to destructive qualities, like fixation and recklessness. The protagonist-turned-antagonistRead MoreBiblical Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1376 Words   |  6 PagesBiblical Analysis: Frankenstein Frankenstein by Mary Shelley often refers to the bible on a number of occasions. However, it is worth noting that many references used by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein can often be identified in Genesis. Much like Genesis, the story of Frankenstein is a viable creation story. The book of Genesis first explains the creation of man and woman, and also recounts the fall of humanity. 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Frankenstein felt responsible for his younger brother’s death when he realized that the monster he created murderedRead MoreFrankenstein By Mary Shelley Is One Of The First Books1494 Words   |  6 PagesFrankenstein by Mary Shelley is one of the first books that discuss how humans behave and react to different situations such as revenge, isolation, and lack of empathy. Shelley transmits the struggle of a monster that seeks for real human connections, knowledge and the approval of its master; his appearance plays a big role in the reaction and acceptance of the people that encountered him. On the other hand, the character of Victor Frankenstein shows, an excessive desire for knowledge that leadsRead MoreMary Shellys Frankenstein and Ridley Scotts Blade Runner935 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Frankenstein† composed by Mary Shelley and â€Å"Blade Runner† directed by Ridley Scott Propose two of the most paramount science fiction stories as they don’t just pu rsue the logic of technological futurism but also present us with ideas about our humanity. Catalysed by their powerful contexts, both texts represent their common ideas, themes and values allowing us to fully appreciate their significance which continue to resonate throughout time. Despite being composed at different times, both Frankenstein

The US Acid Rain Program Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(38) " it easy to obtain excess allowances\." When we look around us we see that there has been a rapid addition in the figure of industries despite the fact that there has been a lessening in the handiness of scarce resources. The Global Gross Domestic Product per capita has addition 6 times since 1900, while in the same clip period the universe A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s population has grown 4 times. Due to increasing planetary demand, the importance of industries in our universe has been on the rise. We will write a custom essay sample on The US Acid Rain Program Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to protect the environment and our universe from being over polluted it is of import that we find cost effectual ways to cut down the degree of pollution. The Acid Rain plan was initiated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) in the 1990s to cut down the degree of S dioxide and N oxides, the chief causes of acerb rain. This plan focuses on emanation caps whereby each industry or company is given a certain grant or allowance for the sum of fossil fuels they can fire and if they go over this degree so a heavy mulct of $ 2000 per ton would be imposed. The Acid Rain Program was established based on the rules that were set by the Clean Air Act of 1990. The Clean Air Act was implemented by the Environmental Protection Agency in order to cut down the degree of air pollution. The chief purpose of the Acid Rain plan was to cut down the degree of sulfur dioxide in the environment by 10 million dozenss and convey the degree of S dioxide down from 18.9 million dozenss in 1980 to about 8.95 million dozenss in 2000. This was to be done through emanation caps that focused on a lessening in the pollution caused by coal firing power workss. Companies and different industries could purchase the allowances from each other if their ingestion was higher than the allotted quota assigned to them. However, if that was non possible so they had to incur a heavy mulct. Problems Associated with Acid Rain Pollutants such as S dioxide and azotic oxides are known to be the chief ground behind the cause of acerb rain. It is imperative that in order to cut down acid rain, we decrease the figure of these pollutants. Acid rain is known to do many jobs with the acidification of lakes and rivers being the most outstanding. The lakes in the nor’-east of the United States have been greatly affected by acerb rain. The acidification of lakes leads to angle and works life being destroyed as they can non populate in acerb H2O. As of 2001, in over 100 lakes in Minnesota all the fish have died due to sourness. Apart from fish death, it besides leads to angle non being able to reproduce. These are some of the jobs caused by acid rain which is why it is highly of import to cut down the degree of sulfur dioxide in the environment so we can forestall sourness and protect the marine life. Apart from destructing sea life, acerb rain is known to hold a negative consequence on the trees around the uni verse. When acid rain occurs, the acerb seeps into the trees therefore forestalling the workss from taking in C dioxide. Due to miss of C dioxide, this leads to the workss non being able to execute photosynthesis which finally leads to workss deceasing. Germany has been greatly affected where in 1983, 34 % of braid were damaged by acid rain. Acid rain besides affects us in many ways. Breathing and lung jobs that affect kids and grownups is caused by acerb rain. Due to acid rain, every twelvemonth in the US there are 550 premature deceases and 1520 exigency room visits. This shows that it is of import to cut down acid rain as it has adversely affected the environment and the ambiance around us. [ Good background ; could spread out ] The Clean Air Act was introduced in 1963 by the United States Congress to cut down air pollution on a national degree. It was the first environmental jurisprudence that was introduced by the United States. Over the old ages at that place have been amendments and alterations made to the Clean Air Act based on the environmental jeopardies that have affected our environment such as acerb rain. A outstanding amendment was made in 1990 to take the effects of acerb rain into consideration. In the Clean Air Act of 1990, the alterations that were put into consequence were related to emanations merchandising whereby companies or workss were given inducements if they reduced pollution in this instance S dioxide, there were proviso made for ozone depletion and toxic air pollution. Apart from this, a new gasolene reformulation demand was besides set in order to command and at the same clip cut down the evaporative emanation from gasolene. The Acid Rain plan as mentioned above was implemented in order to diminish the sum of S dioxide in the environment. In order for this to go on, the jurisprudence that was to be imposed based on the Clean Air Act of 1990 was a two stage jurisprudence. Since the aim of cut downing sulfur dioxide could non be attained in one goes, it was broken down into two stages: Phase 1 The Acid Rain plan allocated allowances based on a annual footing and the figure of allocated units was based on a method that was used by the EPA. The first stage of the two stage plan was from 1995 to 1999. The footing on which allowances or emanation caps were distributed was on the mean fuel ingestion that was used by companies from 1985 to 1987. The British thermic unit transition rate of 2.5 lbs of S dioxide per million lbs of fuel burnt was used. A major drawback of this stage was that many workss found it easy to obtain excess allowances. You read "The US Acid Rain Program Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" This could be done by through auctions where the allowances were sold to the bidder with the highest monetary value. Many workss that were allocated allowances in Phase 1 were allocated a much higher allowance than the sum they required. The EPA did this so that all the workss could fall in the plan as they had nil to lose. Firms would experience that there is no hazard involved in fall ining the plan which is why they would choose to be a portion of it. In 1995, the initial allotment was to be 5,550,231 allowances for 445 workss. Firms were awarded excess allowances for every excess ton of S dioxide they reduced beyond the bound imposed on them. The extra allowances that were granted to houses in 1995 were 3,193,850. The stage 1 of the Acid Rain Program was to last a period of 5 old ages. Many workss and houses took advantage of the excess allowances that could be granted and due to this the entire figure of allowances in 1999 was 16,618,112 which showed that houses were willing to aline themselves with the plan. [ Good ] Phase 2 Phase 2 was the 2nd portion of the Acid Rain Program that began in the twelvemonth 2000. The sum of allowance that was granted to each works was based on their mean fuel ingestion from 1985 to 1987. The transition rate used this clip was 1.2 lbs of S dioxide per million lbs of fuel burnt. The sum of allowance that was granted to each works was reduced but there was an overall addition in the entire cap as many more workss had entered the plan, an extra 2262 units were made portion of the plan and with the addition in the figure of units, the entire allowance besides increased to 9,966,531 for the twelvemonth 2000. Many units took advantage of the banked allowances that were carried frontward from Phase 1 and this entire amounted to 21,583,540. Despite the entire allowances increasing due to the fact that many new units entered the plan, there was an overall lessening in the emanations granted to each unit. This figure is expected to diminish even more and the purpose of the Acid Rain Program is to cut down the entire sum of emanations to 8.95 million dozenss by 2010. The graph above shows how emanations have been relatively higher than the allowances allocated by the twelvemonth 2000. However at the same clip, the entire allowances that were allocated to each works plus the allowance that was banked is besides greater than the emanations demoing that the sum of the entire available allowance was much higher than required. As stage 2 continued to come on, banked allowances were finally used up and workss began to run the hazard of exceling their emanations bound. Since this carried heavy mulcts, it was imperative that companies that owned these sulfur dioxide breathing workss find a manner to cut down the S dioxide emitted into the environment. Many different methods were presented. Some of the most noteworthy 1s are: Technology There were two chief engineerings available for workss to run into their emanations mark. A scrubber which is besides known as a fluke gas desulfurization system is one manner in which S dioxide could be reduced. This system is known to be really effectual as mentioned by the Environmental Investigation Agency in 1994 that the scrubber system or the flue gas desulfurization system is known to hold an efficiency rate of 85 % to 95 % . When taking a scrubber, companies have a figure of different scrubbers to take from whether it is a dry scrubber which produces a dry by merchandise or a wet scrubber which on the other manus produces a wet merchandise. Another manner in which engineering can be used to cut down S dioxide is by either fuel shift, intermixing or co-firing. Fuel shift is comparatively simple as you merely exchange to another coal that does non breathe S dioxide, blending is when you blend two different types of coal and co-firing is merely utilizing a coal and a fuel and so these two are blended together. It sounds easy when we say that we will merely exchange to a different coal or we will merely intermix two coals that we can happen but the existent issue and job prevarications in taking which coal, natural gas or fuel best suits your works and besides will follow with the demands set by the EPA. It is of import that when you decide to exchange to a another fuel, you use a coal that has a lower S content as non merely will it be better for the environment but it will besides assist you cut down the sum of S in the atmosphere therefore following the emanation cap allocated to you. When blend two types of coal it s of import that you blend high S and a low S coal. This is of import as it becomes easier for the workss to set to a smaller alteration that happens by intermixing two coals instead than fuel shift. Co-firing is besides a method that can be used but is non recommended as it is deemed really expensive. Allowances Allowance is a method that was really popular during the first stage. As mentioned in the statistics above, we see that the figure of allowances allocated in Phase 1 that lasted from 1995 to 1999 were much higher than expected as EPA wanted many houses to fall in this plan. The fact that many workss were over allocated allowances meant that there was no trading that took topographic point between houses selling allowances to each other as each works had adequate allowance allotted to them. These banked allowances were used in ulterior old ages by workss and at the same clip they were following with the Acid Rain plan. Retirements Retirement is when a works shuts down and can non be used any more. The workss that tend to utilize this method are still allocated allowances until the Acid Rain plan is integral. These allowances are non used by these workss but are sold back into the market at a monetary value whereby these workss make a net income. Ohio based Acme is an illustration of a works that has retired but is still having allowances that are sold into the market. Previously installed Controls Some workss already have an emanation rate that is lower than the others because of equipment or machinery they might hold installed in the yesteryear which reduces the degree of sulfur dioxide emitted into the ambiance. Installing new equipment or controls that cut down the degree of sulfur dioxide in the environment is another manner to follow with the regulations and ordinances set out in the Acid Rain plan by the EPA. Decision The Acid Rain plan has a few jobs since its debut but it has besides led to the lessening in S dioxide emanations in the environment. The job with Phase 1 was the complete allotment of allowances. The chief ground behind this was to promote houses to fall in the plan, which had been achieved by the beginning of Phase 2. The banked allowances that could be carried down to the following twelvemonth were an added inducement for companies. By the beginning of 2003, these banked allowances had about been exhausted and companies adapted by put ining new engineering and trading emanations. The Acid Rain plan gave companies the pick of taking the option that is cheapest for them, whether it is emissions trading or upgrading to the right engineering. Since its origin in 1970 up to the twelvemonth 2000, this resulted in cost nest eggs of $ 780 million when compared to a method of direct control in which the authorities would each person works precisely how much to cut down and how to make it. Additionally, sulfur dioxide emanations reduced by 4,531,328 dozenss. Harmonizing to the latest information, S dioxide emanations were 8 million dozenss lower in 2010 compared to the degrees they would hold been at if the plan had ne’er been implemented. In add-on $ 122 billion have been saved in footings of lower wellness costs and decreased use of scare resources. All this shows that the U.S Acid Rain plan has been a resonant success. As mentioned above, we see that the execution of the Acid Rain plan by the United States was an enterprise taken by the US in order to cut down the atmospheric degrees of S dioxide in the environment. This plan was a immense success as the end of cut downing sulfur dioxide in the ambiance was achieved. Other states should see this as an chance to follow into the footfalls of the United States. Environmental jeopardies such as acerb rain, air pollution and deforestation have been destructing our environment and it is clip that we do something about it. The Kyoto protocol by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) has been really effectual in contending planetary heating and cut downing the degree of nursery gases. The UNFCCC is an international environmental pact and the consequence of acid rain should be brought up at the conference that take topographic point. Acid rain is an environmental jeopardy which should be taken into consideration and be reduced otherwise it can hold inauspicious effects in the close hereafter non merely on marine life but every bit good as human life. How to cite The US Acid Rain Program Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Discovery of Biologics

Question: Write an essay on System Pharmacology? Answer: Discovery of Biologics Biologics are considered as large revolutionary molecules. These molecules are capable of modifying the biological responses of the body. These biologics are the result of target-based drug discovery where the biologists used their complete knowledge of the disease pathophysiology to recognize the main culprit biological targets and against those culprits they managed to develop biologics using advance manufacturing techniques (Singh et al. 2012). These biologics are helpful to inhibit the action of several components in the immune system, which play key roles in inflammation and considered as the main feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) (Nam et al. 2010). In the context of drug discovery process, the validation and the identification of TNF as a prospective therapeutic target lead to the expansion of biologics (infliximab) is discussed in following paragraphs. Target Identification and Validation It is observed that enhanced expression of HLA-DR and presence of rheumatoid factors found in diseased joint synovium points to the immune pathogenesis of rheumatoid factors. Generally, IL-1 is followed by the mediators of the systematic inflammation such as CSF-2 (colony stimulating factor-2), TNF-, IL-6 and others like CD-20 and IL-12 are also found synovium and identified as popular targets of biologics (Galloway et al. 2011). Anti CD4+ was used in the first trials. However, the research was failed. After the collapse of CD4+ antibodies, the research was continued to recognize the main culprit, which could be blocked to inhibit the other factors of inflammation. In many types of research it is observed that use of rheumatoid synovial cell cultures showed that the mRNA expression for IL-1 is astonishingly extended in the synovial cell cultures while comparing with the expression of IL-1, which is derived from stimulated leucocytes (normal) (McInnes and Schett, 2011). The findings in this context are extremely helpful to prepare a model, which is may be used successfully outside the normal biological context to study the functional gene product, which involves Rheumatoid Arthritis (Drutskaya et al. 2010). Using the model, it is further found that antisera against TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) can oppose the expression of IL-1, within three days of administration (Aaltonen et al. 2012). This finding further unr aveled the new generation of an investigation, which consider TNF has the prime importance to coordinate the cytokine response in rheumatoid arthritis. Also, the effect of anti-TNF antisera on IL-8, IL-6 and GM-CSF was investigated. From the studies, it was established that recruitment of blood leucocytes due to the TNF through chemokines and adhesion molecules mediate the process of inflammation (Furst, 2010). Testing of Biologics in animal models of Rheumatic Arthritis In further researches, it is observed that the appearance of TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) and its receptor are facilitated in affected tissues (Galloway et al. 2011). Hamster monoclonal antibodies against TNF were tested in CIA (collagen induced arthritis) model of rheumatoid arthritis (considered as the best model). This test was helpful to prove the validity of TNF as the major target (biological factor) in rheumatoid arthritis. It is found that application of 300 and 500 g weekly (twice) can minimize the intensity of the clinical symptoms (Aaltonen et al. 2012). As a result, the expression of TNF (precisely spatial expression) is reduced, and histologic symptoms of treated mice showed progress, which includes, cellular infiltrate reduction, chondrocyte apoptosis and joint destruction (Dixon et al. 2010). It is observed that dispensing of anti human anti TNF- monoclonal antibody" can stop the symptoms of spontaneous arthritis in "transgenic mice," which showed the over expression of TNF (Furst, 2010). It is also found that many researchers obtained promising results by using CIA model (Galloway et al. 2011). Therapeutic agents with anti-TNF potential Many researchers tried to find out biologics, which have miraculous therapeutic potentiality. To share the dream, many pharmaceutical industries tried to prepare different innovative agents. One of the fruitful results of these researches is he design of cA2, which is widely known as infliximab. Centocor first prepared this chimeric antibody against biological target TNF. The murine hybridoma was used to chimarized murine Fv segment with the human IgG1, K backbone (considered as Fc fragment). Clinical studies It is important to calculate the tolerable dose; therefore, to calculate the maximum tolerable dose, toxicity studies took place. From the previous studies, it was observed that 20mg/kg/2 weeks dose was enough to get the best result (Nam et al. 2010). However, also, different biomarkers such as ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), IL-6 and (CRP) C-reactive protein are declining within seven days as well as the level of rheumatoid factors, resulting in the improvement of the clinical and symptomatic features (Dixon et al. 2010). On the other hand, in a "double-blind, randomized trial" placebo was compared with 1 and 10 mg/kg doses of cA2. After four weeks (washout periods), the experimental group and subjects of controls were infused with solutions, however, the appearance of which remained same. The response was further measured after 4th week with the help of Harold Paulus criteria, where most of the respondents were found in 10mg/kg doses. After the first trial efficacy and safety proof were established and then phase 2 trials were introduced. In phase 2 trials, 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg of cA2 was administered with or without 7.5 mg of methotrexate/week. From the result, it was observed that all doses have the synergic response with MTX while comparing with mono-therapy. After the completion of phase 2 trials, phase 3 trial began. This phase 3 trial was also known as ATTRACT (Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy) trial and include the administration of MTX and infliximab. Four doses (3 and 10 mg/kg for four weeks and eight weeks) of infliximab were compared with MTX plus placebo. In observation (at 30th, 54th and 102nd week) showed that nearly 50% of patients have improved clinical symptoms as well as developed physical functions (Dixon et al. 2010). On the other hand, the Taylors radiography demonstrated a single dose of infliximab could reduce 50% of granulocyte accumulation in joints. The license of using infliximab against TNF was permitted after showing the clinical trials. However, measurement of benefit to harm ratio of biologics are still under investigation. References Aaltonen, K.J., Virkki, L.M., Malmivaara, A., Konttinen, Y.T., Nordstrom, D.C. and Blom, M., 2012. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of existing TNF blocking agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.PLoS One,7(1), p.e30275. Dixon, W.G., Hyrich, K.L., Watson, K.D., Lunt, M., Galloway, J., Ustianowski, A., Symmons, D.P.M. and BSRBR Control Centre Consortium, 2010. The drug-specific risk of tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register (BSRBR).Annals of the rheumatic diseases,69(3), pp.522-528. Drutskaya, M.S., Efimov, G.A., Kruglov, A.A., Kuprash, D.V. and Nedospasov, S.A., 2010. Tumor necrosis factor, lymphotoxin, and cancer.IUBMB life,62(4), pp.283-289. Furst, D.E., 2010, April. The risk of infections with biologic therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. InSeminars in arthritis and rheumatism(Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 327-346). WB Saunders. Galloway, J.B., Hyrich, K.L., Mercer, L.K., Dixon, W.G., Fu, B., Ustianowski, A.P., Watson, K.D., Lunt, M., Symmons, D.P. and BSRBR Control Centre Consortium, 2011. Anti-TNF therapy is associated with an increased risk of serious infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis especially in the first six months of treatment: updated results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register with special emphasis on risks in the elderly.Rheumatology,50(1), pp.124-131. Galloway, J.B., Hyrich, K.L., Mercer, L.K., Dixon, W.G., Ustianowski, A.P., Helbert, M., Watson, K.D., Lunt, M. and Symmons, D.P.M., 2011. The risk of septic arthritis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the effect of anti-TNF therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register.Annals of the rheumatic diseases, p.annrheumdis152769. McInnes, I.B., and Schett, G., 2011. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.New England Journal of Medicine,365(23), pp.2205-2219. Nam, J.L., Winthrop, K.L., Van Vollenhoven, R.F., Pavelka, K., Valesini, G., Hensor, E.M.A., Worthy, G., Landew, R., Smolen, J.S., Emery, P. and Buch, M.H., 2010. Current evidence for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of RA.Annals of the rheumatic diseases, p.annrheumdis126573. Singh, J.A., Furst, D.E., Bharat, A., Curtis, J.R., Kavanaugh, A.F., Kremer, J.M., Moreland, L.W., O'Dell, J., Winthrop, K.L., Beukelman, T. and Bridges, S.L., 2012. 2012 Update of 2008 American College of Rheumatology recommendations for the use of diseaseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologic agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis care research,64(5), pp.625-639.