Beauty and The Color Purple :: essays research papers fc

â€Å"Though we travel the world over to find the beautiful, we must carry it with us or we find it not† -Ralph Waldo Emerson As stated by Emerson, beauty cannot be found unless carried within one’s self first. In the novel by Alice Walker, â€Å"The Color Purple†, Celie finds out that beauty is not real unless it is first found within, so that that beauty felt can reflect for others to see. [Celie went through traumatic struggles before she ever felt beautiful starting with the treatment of influential men in her life. Although she felt more connection with women in her life, her early encounters with Shug greatly accounted for her self worth at the time. However, Celie could not be beautiful to others unless she found beauty within herself, for herself.]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the majority of the novel, Celie was never told she was or could be beautiful by men, she was told how much of nothing she was to them. Beauty was something Celie learned was for women who enjoyed having sex, something for women who had confidence, which was something she could never feel for herself. She was constantly mis treated and told what to do by men like her father and Albert. The book opens with her being raped by her father. He tells her to tell nobody but God, and she begins to be scared of saying â€Å"no† to men, she feels she needs to take the abuse, Celie would â€Å"be wood† because wood does not feel pain. Her father dominates and makes Celie feel like she was bad, like she did something to deserve this. She felt she was worth little because she should allow her father to do thing like this to her. She felt controlled, dominated and therefore subordinate to men. Her self worth had gone from little down to nothing, and she was to ld by her father how ugly she was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only had her father told her she was ugly, Shug Avery also took it into her own hands when attempting to make Celie feel ugly. Celie began to feel even worse when she first met Shug Avery, and the excitement she had to see Shug, was ruined as a dark shadow hovered over Celie, making her feel more ugly than she had ever thought. Shug Avery was spoken about by Albert like some kind of Goddess. She was the epitome of beauty for Celie because Albert had spoken about her so fondly.

Blindside Movie Analysis Essay

I am writing an essay that is analyzing the movie The Blind Side and relating it to the essay â€Å"Seeking and Making Culture: Representing the Poor† by bell hooks. The issue that is motivating me to write is to show that there is collateral learning in this movie and to show that there are contradictory and stereotypical images of poverty. A writer that has addressed the issue about poverty and the poor class is bell hooks, using her personal experiences to influence her writing in the essay. My working thesis is that there is chances in life that a person may come along that would change our life perspectives. How we approach that change and be courageous enough to do something about it may have a lifelong impact on another person and might make a huge difference. My audience is teenagers, young adults and adults to help them get rid of the stereotypical image of poor people in the world. I think my use of specific details from the movie is working best. The parts of my ess ay that I am least satisfied with are tying the article from hooks back to the movie. The kinds of feedback that I would like are to make sure I answered all of the questions of WAR and that I was specific enough in my essay. The Blind Side describes the struggle of a Black man to become part of the White society. Michael Oher, the main character in the story shows the audience how a black man experiences mistreatment and discrimination from his white community that is the common trend of American mainstream. However, the film also wants to deconstruct the traditional perceptions towards White Americans through the Tuohy family. In this movie, the  director shows how White Americans like the Tuohy family accepts Michael for who he is and what he wants to be. The Tuohys become Michael’s enduring power, armor, and salvation as he faces his new path of transformation, social acceptance, and immersion. From this sense, it can be perceived that Hancock’s film depicts the notion of popular culture as it emphasizes the different issues of the society such as race, racism, cultural differences, cultural interaction, and other ideas about culture and society. Having an extreme difference in terms o f race, lifestyle, social background, and social status, the two races are combined together under one roof to describe the possible repulsion that might occur as well as the attraction that can happen between them. However, it is not only this internal repulsion or attraction that is presented as a conflict of the film, but also the people within the Tuohys social surroundings. Since Leigh Anne and Sean are influential individuals because of their profession, people around them think that adopting Michael taints their good reputation. This is one of the major struggles of the Tuohy family along with Michael, but they stand up against their foes and prove to these people that Michael is more civilized than those who continue to criticize him. In article â€Å"Seeing and Making Culture: Representing the Poor†, bell hooks brings to the surface issues involving people of higher classes compared to those in poverty. In addressing issues like assumptions made about the poor, how the poor are viewed in popular culture and how the poor are represented on television or in movies. One of hooks main arguments is brought into focus throughout the movie. The concept of popular culture emerges in this film in three distinct themes: racism within the football team, the lifestyle of the socialites, and when an upcoming superstar is â€Å"made,† people keep an eye on this individual. Logically, racism occurs in television, radio, movies, and other types of media. Most of the time, these industries use racism as a form of stereotyping. That is why common people utilize these ideals; they think that it is accepted in the society. This is what happened to Michael. He faces discrimination inside his own classroom. Even his teacher demonstrates the differences of how a White teacher interacts with a Black student like him. It is a form of stereotype that the media continues to express towards its audience. Another example of popular culture in this film is when Michael begins his football career. When the football coach,  Burt Cotton sees Michael’s potential, he accepts the main character as a student of Wingate Christian School. This is also the beginning of Michael’s popularity. People, even the coaches and owners of different universities, want Michael to become part of their school. That is why despite Michael’s academic records and race, they are interested in him. People begin to keep their eyes on Michael’s actions and achievements because he becomes popular and he soon becomes part of their lifestyle. In hooks article, one of her main arguments is about false assumptions made about the poor from her life experiences. She states, â€Å"That the poor class were almost always portrayed the poor as shiftless, mindless, lazy, dishonest, and unworthy†. This relates to the movie because the Tuohys community has specific sets of moral values. They believe that Black Americans are unacceptable within their community or surroundings because they are the roots of negativities. This is also an example of high culture being looked at as a superior culture. The Tuohys do not change this norm, but they create their own values by accepting Michael and believe in him and his capabilities as a person. The Blindside and hooks article helps us learn that there is more to a story then just what is put on the screen. The story line is a lot deeper and has a lot of other meanings then we think. The Tuohys’ ideology is different from the standard culture of the society, but because they are part of their community, they have to express their ideology. It is hard in the beginning to show their different point of view, but they win the battle against their foes because Michael shows that he is different from the stereotypic character of a Black American. Work Cited Greene, Stuart, and April Lidinsky. From Inquiry to Academic Writing: A Text and Reader. 2nd ed. Boston: Bedford/St.Martins, 2008. 344-49, 358-71. Print.

The Model Minority Theory The Cause of an Overlooked...

The Model Minority theory is a concept that puts the assumption in the minds of people that all persons who are from Asian or of Asian decent are successful, smart, hard working, and model citizens who respect the authority of their country. The Model Minority theory became very apparent in 1966 when two major magazines, New York Times Magazine and U.S. New and World Report, each published articles that gave praise to the great achievements of Asian Americans (Fong 62.) While the theory might appear to give Asians praise for their hard work and success, in reality it covers up and marginalizes the real experiences Asian Americans face. For example, one of the ways the Model Minority theory harms the Asian American community is that it†¦show more content†¦The theory was initially used to describe Asians successful immigration and assimilation into the United States culture in the 1960s (Chou 220.) As time passed, however, the more modern idea of what Model Minority theory is known as today began to take shape. Model Minority theory misleads people to think that all Asian Americans have a successful job and do not face any financial troubles. Due to this Asian Americans who do not have a have a high income, a good education, and an overall good quality of life are overlooked and marginalized. In fact, contrary to common belief, many Asian Americans do not have a good education or job (Fong 68.) When looking at the actual demographics of Asian Americans it is found that many of them have working class and low-wage jobs. The Model Minority theory over looks the fact that while Asian Americans do tend to have a higher annual income than most white families, they also have the highest rates of poverty (Fong 68.) These people and families might be excluded from programs aimed at helping people in need because they are of Asian decent. This can lead to struggling families to fall further into their struggle and almost disappear from the public eye, lost a nd forgotten. From this Asian face a subtle form of racism, because they might be denied help from these programs solely because they are of Asian decent. Thus the Model Minority theory causes an unfair advantage forShow MoreRelatedThe Work Of Brenda Weber Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesContinuing with the work of Brenda Weber, she highlights one other large factor in which can help stray from the banking model of education and thus makes students feel included and interested in participating. Weber states that when designing a course she â€Å"(f)irst, I built on my strengths. . . (s)econd, I listened to them (students)† (Weber, 135/136); these steps seem easy enough, yet in my experience as a student and as a teacher, I have hardly witnessed such an occasion. I would hypothesize thatRead MoreFraming The Study On The Classroom1815 Words   |  8 Pageswas collected from students concerning their whole school year. The research looked at a handful of students grades in non- minority teacher classes compared to their grades in minority students classes. I also had over 100 students ranging from 17-18 years old all graduating seniors to complete a survey concerning their feelings about minority teachers compared to non-minority teachers. The last piece of research I used for this study was a district-wide survey given to all students. This survey focusedRead MoreRacism: The Grand Obstacle of Society’s Advancement1064 Words   |  5 Pagesbasketball coach, Kevin Downes, resigned over racist tweets. His players and other students in the school entangled themselves in racism charges that happened during a loss to an all minority team. School officials from the school were disappointed that he resigned but applauded him, as they should have, for being a good role model. Downes made sure that his team recognized their level of disrespectfulness towards the other team by allowing the district to suspend them for a year. This goes to show everyoneRead M oreThe Tech World Is Notorious For Having Diversity Issues1902 Words   |  8 Pagestop companies and start-ups. The lack of diversity within these organizations leads to minorities struggling to earn bonuses or promotions and ultimately hinders their success. Because the future of the human race lies in technology, the lack of diversity in the tech industry will inevitably produce hidden biases throughout our society that will remain for a long time. In order to tackle this issue, the culture within tech businesses need to be reimagined and restructured while also changing the hiringRead MoreThe Career Of Gilbert Lacrosse1732 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough the beautiful and fine crafted windows. Committing to the vision, employees would write the families and take the time to personally thank them. The strategic vision was in place. Another important aspect of transformational leadership is to model the vision or â€Å"walk the walk† (McShane Von, 2015). LaCrosse was not a man to run the company from behind a desk, instead he preferred to spend his time with his employees. He took time to teach his skills to the new apprentices and give high praiseRead MoreChallenges Faced by Ethnic Minorities in the United States2627 Words   |  11 PagesQuestion 1 What are the challenges faced by ethnic minorities in the U.S. What disparities exist, why, and what are the consequences for individuals and families? Remember to address the challenges facing immigrant families in your answer. Some of the numerous challenges that minorities face in the United States include a higher rate of poverty, less education and educational opportunities, some minorities experience a language barrier, and all have unfair stereotypes and discrimination. The firstRead MoreExploring the Reasons for the Underachievement of Ethnic Minority Children8167 Words   |  33 PagesExploring the Reasons for the Underachievement of Ethnic Minority Children Rational ======== Every child goes through the same education system, every child works through the same ‘curriculum 2000’ set by New Labour and every child sits the same exams up to the age of 16. So why are there marked differences in educational attainment for ethnic minority students? My main aim is to find out if racism is the main cause of the gap between different ethnic groups inRead More The Intersection of Race, Sexual Orientation and Religion in the Gay Community3126 Words   |  13 PagesIntersectionality is a relevant theory for some gay, lesbian or bisexual individuals. Intersectionality studies the relationships among multiple dimensions and modalities of social relationships and subject formations (McCall, 2005). The theory argues, pursues and considers how gender, race, sexual orientation and other categories of identity interact on many and often concurring levels of social relationships, therefore allowing discrimination and social inequity. Intersectionality explainsRead MoreEvidence-Informed Practice: an Evaluation of the David Bennett Inquiry Report3537 Words   |  15 PagesAuthority (NSCSHA) to investigate the death of Mr David Bennett. I will define evidence-informed practice (EIP) and summarise the inquiry report. I shall highlight and critically analyse some of the key issues raised in the report in relation to ethnic minority issues. Finally, I will discuss the implications of evidence-informed practice for social work as well as my own future practice. EIP in social work began in the early 1990s when contemporary writers Geraldine MacDonald and her colleagues wroteRead MoreThe Impact Of Andersen On The Accounting Industry2173 Words   |  9 PagesFrom a keen perspective, having many parties work on a particular task with undefined rules and powers would result in misunderstandings. Similarly, Andersen was a victim of bad partnerships and had to face significant challenges. Before the exact cause of the problem was established, the damage had already occurred, and bankruptcy declared on the firm. Question 3 As a managing partner of Andersen, there are a number of factors that ought to have been included to avoid the occurrences that were observed

Ethics And A New Accountants Perspective On Enron

The Law, Ethics and a New Accountant’s Perspective on Enron Ethics is a decision one makes in knowing the right thing to do and actually doing the right thing. They are the rules of behavior based on one’s belief of what is morally good and bad. A person may hear the word ethics and immediately think of government or the law. Not only does ethics have a role in government, it also plays a major role in business, including accounting. Schroeder, Clark Cathey (2014) state that the â€Å"reason for a high level of ethical conduct is the need for public confidence in the quality of services provided by the profession† (pg. 624). Ethical conduct not only encourages a high standard of performance; it also encourages a high quality of professional†¦show more content†¦Morals and virtues also play a major role in one’s ethical behavior. Morals are rules that one learns as a result of their childhood upbringing and culture. Morals differ from ethics because morals are personal in nature; on the other hand, ethical stand ards must be same for everyone. Virtues are positive character traits such as integrity and honesty, which a person develops over time. Moral and ethics are classified as good and bad, while laws are categorized as right or wrong. A person’s ethical beliefs not only influence their decisions on a day-to-day basis, they also influence business decisions in many ways. Seldom are ethical decisions clear and concise this is due to the fact that a person’s culture and demographics influence their ethical decisions. As a new accountant employed by Enron one of the first red flags would have been their mark to market accounting method. This method allowed the company to value an asset or liability at the current market price. In doing this, they were able to pick any value that would make their books look good. Executives at Enron were able to speculate and record projected earnings from natural gas and record these unrealized earnings as revenue. This accounting method is subjective and easily manipulated. As the recording of

Frankenstein - The Humanity of the Monster Essay - 1407 Words

Frankenstein - The Humanity of the Monster Sometimes, in novels like Frankenstein, the motives of the author are unclear. It is clear however, that one of the many themes Mary Shelley presents is the humanity of Victor Frankensteins creation. Although she presents evidence in both support and opposition to the creations humanity, it is apparent that this being is indeed human. His humanity is not only witnessed in his physical being, but in his intellectual and emotional thoughts as well. His humanity is argued by the fact that being human does not mean coming from a specific genetic chain and having family to relate to, but to embrace many of the distinct traits that set humans apart from other animals in this†¦show more content†¦As any human would, Phil seeks food, comfort, and shelter, even before he knew what adequate shelter was. On page 131, Phil states that he longs to obtain food and shelter, but the sight of a hut was new to him. Of course, Phil never obtains any adequate shelter and is sustained only by what he can obtain from the forest (berries, roots, etc.). It is normal for any animal on this earth to join its own society, group, herd, or pack. North American wolf packs are notorious for having a social system where one wolf becomes the outcast. The story of the Lone Wolf (sometimes referred to as the omega wolf) is one very similar to Phils. The Lone Wolf, though he is no less of a wolf than any other, must endure a life of exile and hardship, often fighting for himself, against odds. Social exile is not as uncommon as one would think, however it is the main argument against Phils humanity. This isnt to say that Phil does not want to join human society, for he makes a number of unsuccessful initial attempts, but is driven away every time (136). By this it can be viewed that Phil has no living connections in the world. This is perhaps the greatest argument that Shelley makes against Phils humanity. His unsuccessful attempts at interacting with humans only discourage him temporarily, as his wanderings bring him to the cottage of a poor, exiled French family. During hisShow MoreRelatedIs Humanity Really Frankenstein s Monster?1619 Words   |  7 PagesIs Humanity Really Frankenstein’s Monster? According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a monster is described as â€Å"part animal and part human†, â€Å"ferocious†, â€Å"ugly†, and â€Å"frightening†. Yet at the same time, a monster can be â€Å"amazing† and â€Å"extraordinary† . From these characteristics alone, a monster can essentially be anything. In the literal sense, a monster is perceived to be large and physically grotesque, however inner qualities of monstrosity can be easily masked, and are therefore often overlookedRead MoreThe Differences Between Human And Humanity Through The Construction Of Frankenstein s Monster Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences between human and humanity through the construction of Frankenstein’s Monster Throughout Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein’s creation helps readers and analysts grapple and wrestle with the concept of humanity. Through this journey, the reader gains a deeper understanding of not only humanity but also how humanity is assigned. These discoveries also allow the reader to reflect on their own preconceived ideas on the difference between humanity and biology as well as delvingRead MoreSeparation Between the Narration in Response to Frankenstein Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesIn reading Frankenstein, by Mary Shelly, a motif of distance and separateness can be discerned from the text. In the structure of the narrative, the reader is distant from the action. The setting of the narrative is situated often in isolated and nearly inaccessible areas, creating separateness between the action of the story and the everyday world. The Frankenstein monster is remote compared to the rest of world by narrative structure, geographic area, and h is namelessness. The reader must lookRead MoreDuality In Frankenstein Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesGrowing up, everyone is afraid of monsters, constantly checking under their beds and searching for what’s around every corner. But, were they looking in the right places? In the gothic fiction novel, Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus, Mary Shelley shows how a person is capable of monstrosity. Shelly portrays the maliciousness of society and uses her characters to show the dark turn one’s life can take when exposed to destructive qualities, like fixation and recklessness. The protagonist-turned-antagonistRead MoreBiblical Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1376 Words   |  6 PagesBiblical Analysis: Frankenstein Frankenstein by Mary Shelley often refers to the bible on a number of occasions. However, it is worth noting that many references used by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein can often be identified in Genesis. Much like Genesis, the story of Frankenstein is a viable creation story. The book of Genesis first explains the creation of man and woman, and also recounts the fall of humanity. Unlike Genesis, Frankenstein begins with the fall of humanity, leading into the creationRead MoreEssay on Science, Technology, and Morality in Shelleys Frankenstein1098 Words   |  5 Pages Frankenstein and Sciencenbsp;nbsp; Science is the knowledge gained by a systematic study, knowledge which then becomes facts or principles. In the systematic study; the first step is observation, the second step hypothesis, the third step experimentation to test the hypothesis, and lastly the conclusion whether or not the hypothesis holds true. These steps have been ingrained into every student of science, as the basic pathway to scientific discovery. This pathway holds not decision as toRead MoreThe Existence Of Humanity By Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1264 Words   |  6 PagesHumanity Some people live in a world that holds both beauty and ugliness, both joy and sorrow. 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On the other hand, the character of Victor Frankenstein shows, an excessive desire for knowledge that leadsRead MoreMary Shellys Frankenstein and Ridley Scotts Blade Runner935 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Frankenstein† composed by Mary Shelley and â€Å"Blade Runner† directed by Ridley Scott Propose two of the most paramount science fiction stories as they don’t just pu rsue the logic of technological futurism but also present us with ideas about our humanity. Catalysed by their powerful contexts, both texts represent their common ideas, themes and values allowing us to fully appreciate their significance which continue to resonate throughout time. Despite being composed at different times, both Frankenstein

The US Acid Rain Program Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(38) " it easy to obtain excess allowances\." When we look around us we see that there has been a rapid addition in the figure of industries despite the fact that there has been a lessening in the handiness of scarce resources. The Global Gross Domestic Product per capita has addition 6 times since 1900, while in the same clip period the universe A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s population has grown 4 times. Due to increasing planetary demand, the importance of industries in our universe has been on the rise. We will write a custom essay sample on The US Acid Rain Program Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to protect the environment and our universe from being over polluted it is of import that we find cost effectual ways to cut down the degree of pollution. The Acid Rain plan was initiated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) in the 1990s to cut down the degree of S dioxide and N oxides, the chief causes of acerb rain. This plan focuses on emanation caps whereby each industry or company is given a certain grant or allowance for the sum of fossil fuels they can fire and if they go over this degree so a heavy mulct of $ 2000 per ton would be imposed. The Acid Rain Program was established based on the rules that were set by the Clean Air Act of 1990. The Clean Air Act was implemented by the Environmental Protection Agency in order to cut down the degree of air pollution. The chief purpose of the Acid Rain plan was to cut down the degree of sulfur dioxide in the environment by 10 million dozenss and convey the degree of S dioxide down from 18.9 million dozenss in 1980 to about 8.95 million dozenss in 2000. This was to be done through emanation caps that focused on a lessening in the pollution caused by coal firing power workss. Companies and different industries could purchase the allowances from each other if their ingestion was higher than the allotted quota assigned to them. However, if that was non possible so they had to incur a heavy mulct. Problems Associated with Acid Rain Pollutants such as S dioxide and azotic oxides are known to be the chief ground behind the cause of acerb rain. It is imperative that in order to cut down acid rain, we decrease the figure of these pollutants. Acid rain is known to do many jobs with the acidification of lakes and rivers being the most outstanding. The lakes in the nor’-east of the United States have been greatly affected by acerb rain. The acidification of lakes leads to angle and works life being destroyed as they can non populate in acerb H2O. As of 2001, in over 100 lakes in Minnesota all the fish have died due to sourness. Apart from fish death, it besides leads to angle non being able to reproduce. These are some of the jobs caused by acid rain which is why it is highly of import to cut down the degree of sulfur dioxide in the environment so we can forestall sourness and protect the marine life. Apart from destructing sea life, acerb rain is known to hold a negative consequence on the trees around the uni verse. When acid rain occurs, the acerb seeps into the trees therefore forestalling the workss from taking in C dioxide. Due to miss of C dioxide, this leads to the workss non being able to execute photosynthesis which finally leads to workss deceasing. Germany has been greatly affected where in 1983, 34 % of braid were damaged by acid rain. Acid rain besides affects us in many ways. Breathing and lung jobs that affect kids and grownups is caused by acerb rain. Due to acid rain, every twelvemonth in the US there are 550 premature deceases and 1520 exigency room visits. This shows that it is of import to cut down acid rain as it has adversely affected the environment and the ambiance around us. [ Good background ; could spread out ] The Clean Air Act was introduced in 1963 by the United States Congress to cut down air pollution on a national degree. It was the first environmental jurisprudence that was introduced by the United States. Over the old ages at that place have been amendments and alterations made to the Clean Air Act based on the environmental jeopardies that have affected our environment such as acerb rain. A outstanding amendment was made in 1990 to take the effects of acerb rain into consideration. In the Clean Air Act of 1990, the alterations that were put into consequence were related to emanations merchandising whereby companies or workss were given inducements if they reduced pollution in this instance S dioxide, there were proviso made for ozone depletion and toxic air pollution. Apart from this, a new gasolene reformulation demand was besides set in order to command and at the same clip cut down the evaporative emanation from gasolene. The Acid Rain plan as mentioned above was implemented in order to diminish the sum of S dioxide in the environment. In order for this to go on, the jurisprudence that was to be imposed based on the Clean Air Act of 1990 was a two stage jurisprudence. Since the aim of cut downing sulfur dioxide could non be attained in one goes, it was broken down into two stages: Phase 1 The Acid Rain plan allocated allowances based on a annual footing and the figure of allocated units was based on a method that was used by the EPA. The first stage of the two stage plan was from 1995 to 1999. The footing on which allowances or emanation caps were distributed was on the mean fuel ingestion that was used by companies from 1985 to 1987. The British thermic unit transition rate of 2.5 lbs of S dioxide per million lbs of fuel burnt was used. A major drawback of this stage was that many workss found it easy to obtain excess allowances. You read "The US Acid Rain Program Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" This could be done by through auctions where the allowances were sold to the bidder with the highest monetary value. Many workss that were allocated allowances in Phase 1 were allocated a much higher allowance than the sum they required. The EPA did this so that all the workss could fall in the plan as they had nil to lose. Firms would experience that there is no hazard involved in fall ining the plan which is why they would choose to be a portion of it. In 1995, the initial allotment was to be 5,550,231 allowances for 445 workss. Firms were awarded excess allowances for every excess ton of S dioxide they reduced beyond the bound imposed on them. The extra allowances that were granted to houses in 1995 were 3,193,850. The stage 1 of the Acid Rain Program was to last a period of 5 old ages. Many workss and houses took advantage of the excess allowances that could be granted and due to this the entire figure of allowances in 1999 was 16,618,112 which showed that houses were willing to aline themselves with the plan. [ Good ] Phase 2 Phase 2 was the 2nd portion of the Acid Rain Program that began in the twelvemonth 2000. The sum of allowance that was granted to each works was based on their mean fuel ingestion from 1985 to 1987. The transition rate used this clip was 1.2 lbs of S dioxide per million lbs of fuel burnt. The sum of allowance that was granted to each works was reduced but there was an overall addition in the entire cap as many more workss had entered the plan, an extra 2262 units were made portion of the plan and with the addition in the figure of units, the entire allowance besides increased to 9,966,531 for the twelvemonth 2000. Many units took advantage of the banked allowances that were carried frontward from Phase 1 and this entire amounted to 21,583,540. Despite the entire allowances increasing due to the fact that many new units entered the plan, there was an overall lessening in the emanations granted to each unit. This figure is expected to diminish even more and the purpose of the Acid Rain Program is to cut down the entire sum of emanations to 8.95 million dozenss by 2010. The graph above shows how emanations have been relatively higher than the allowances allocated by the twelvemonth 2000. However at the same clip, the entire allowances that were allocated to each works plus the allowance that was banked is besides greater than the emanations demoing that the sum of the entire available allowance was much higher than required. As stage 2 continued to come on, banked allowances were finally used up and workss began to run the hazard of exceling their emanations bound. Since this carried heavy mulcts, it was imperative that companies that owned these sulfur dioxide breathing workss find a manner to cut down the S dioxide emitted into the environment. Many different methods were presented. Some of the most noteworthy 1s are: Technology There were two chief engineerings available for workss to run into their emanations mark. A scrubber which is besides known as a fluke gas desulfurization system is one manner in which S dioxide could be reduced. This system is known to be really effectual as mentioned by the Environmental Investigation Agency in 1994 that the scrubber system or the flue gas desulfurization system is known to hold an efficiency rate of 85 % to 95 % . When taking a scrubber, companies have a figure of different scrubbers to take from whether it is a dry scrubber which produces a dry by merchandise or a wet scrubber which on the other manus produces a wet merchandise. Another manner in which engineering can be used to cut down S dioxide is by either fuel shift, intermixing or co-firing. Fuel shift is comparatively simple as you merely exchange to another coal that does non breathe S dioxide, blending is when you blend two different types of coal and co-firing is merely utilizing a coal and a fuel and so these two are blended together. It sounds easy when we say that we will merely exchange to a different coal or we will merely intermix two coals that we can happen but the existent issue and job prevarications in taking which coal, natural gas or fuel best suits your works and besides will follow with the demands set by the EPA. It is of import that when you decide to exchange to a another fuel, you use a coal that has a lower S content as non merely will it be better for the environment but it will besides assist you cut down the sum of S in the atmosphere therefore following the emanation cap allocated to you. When blend two types of coal it s of import that you blend high S and a low S coal. This is of import as it becomes easier for the workss to set to a smaller alteration that happens by intermixing two coals instead than fuel shift. Co-firing is besides a method that can be used but is non recommended as it is deemed really expensive. Allowances Allowance is a method that was really popular during the first stage. As mentioned in the statistics above, we see that the figure of allowances allocated in Phase 1 that lasted from 1995 to 1999 were much higher than expected as EPA wanted many houses to fall in this plan. The fact that many workss were over allocated allowances meant that there was no trading that took topographic point between houses selling allowances to each other as each works had adequate allowance allotted to them. These banked allowances were used in ulterior old ages by workss and at the same clip they were following with the Acid Rain plan. Retirements Retirement is when a works shuts down and can non be used any more. The workss that tend to utilize this method are still allocated allowances until the Acid Rain plan is integral. These allowances are non used by these workss but are sold back into the market at a monetary value whereby these workss make a net income. Ohio based Acme is an illustration of a works that has retired but is still having allowances that are sold into the market. Previously installed Controls Some workss already have an emanation rate that is lower than the others because of equipment or machinery they might hold installed in the yesteryear which reduces the degree of sulfur dioxide emitted into the ambiance. Installing new equipment or controls that cut down the degree of sulfur dioxide in the environment is another manner to follow with the regulations and ordinances set out in the Acid Rain plan by the EPA. Decision The Acid Rain plan has a few jobs since its debut but it has besides led to the lessening in S dioxide emanations in the environment. The job with Phase 1 was the complete allotment of allowances. The chief ground behind this was to promote houses to fall in the plan, which had been achieved by the beginning of Phase 2. The banked allowances that could be carried down to the following twelvemonth were an added inducement for companies. By the beginning of 2003, these banked allowances had about been exhausted and companies adapted by put ining new engineering and trading emanations. The Acid Rain plan gave companies the pick of taking the option that is cheapest for them, whether it is emissions trading or upgrading to the right engineering. Since its origin in 1970 up to the twelvemonth 2000, this resulted in cost nest eggs of $ 780 million when compared to a method of direct control in which the authorities would each person works precisely how much to cut down and how to make it. Additionally, sulfur dioxide emanations reduced by 4,531,328 dozenss. Harmonizing to the latest information, S dioxide emanations were 8 million dozenss lower in 2010 compared to the degrees they would hold been at if the plan had ne’er been implemented. In add-on $ 122 billion have been saved in footings of lower wellness costs and decreased use of scare resources. All this shows that the U.S Acid Rain plan has been a resonant success. As mentioned above, we see that the execution of the Acid Rain plan by the United States was an enterprise taken by the US in order to cut down the atmospheric degrees of S dioxide in the environment. This plan was a immense success as the end of cut downing sulfur dioxide in the ambiance was achieved. Other states should see this as an chance to follow into the footfalls of the United States. Environmental jeopardies such as acerb rain, air pollution and deforestation have been destructing our environment and it is clip that we do something about it. The Kyoto protocol by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) has been really effectual in contending planetary heating and cut downing the degree of nursery gases. The UNFCCC is an international environmental pact and the consequence of acid rain should be brought up at the conference that take topographic point. Acid rain is an environmental jeopardy which should be taken into consideration and be reduced otherwise it can hold inauspicious effects in the close hereafter non merely on marine life but every bit good as human life. How to cite The US Acid Rain Program Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Discovery of Biologics

Question: Write an essay on System Pharmacology? Answer: Discovery of Biologics Biologics are considered as large revolutionary molecules. These molecules are capable of modifying the biological responses of the body. These biologics are the result of target-based drug discovery where the biologists used their complete knowledge of the disease pathophysiology to recognize the main culprit biological targets and against those culprits they managed to develop biologics using advance manufacturing techniques (Singh et al. 2012). These biologics are helpful to inhibit the action of several components in the immune system, which play key roles in inflammation and considered as the main feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) (Nam et al. 2010). In the context of drug discovery process, the validation and the identification of TNF as a prospective therapeutic target lead to the expansion of biologics (infliximab) is discussed in following paragraphs. Target Identification and Validation It is observed that enhanced expression of HLA-DR and presence of rheumatoid factors found in diseased joint synovium points to the immune pathogenesis of rheumatoid factors. Generally, IL-1 is followed by the mediators of the systematic inflammation such as CSF-2 (colony stimulating factor-2), TNF-, IL-6 and others like CD-20 and IL-12 are also found synovium and identified as popular targets of biologics (Galloway et al. 2011). Anti CD4+ was used in the first trials. However, the research was failed. After the collapse of CD4+ antibodies, the research was continued to recognize the main culprit, which could be blocked to inhibit the other factors of inflammation. In many types of research it is observed that use of rheumatoid synovial cell cultures showed that the mRNA expression for IL-1 is astonishingly extended in the synovial cell cultures while comparing with the expression of IL-1, which is derived from stimulated leucocytes (normal) (McInnes and Schett, 2011). The findings in this context are extremely helpful to prepare a model, which is may be used successfully outside the normal biological context to study the functional gene product, which involves Rheumatoid Arthritis (Drutskaya et al. 2010). Using the model, it is further found that antisera against TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) can oppose the expression of IL-1, within three days of administration (Aaltonen et al. 2012). This finding further unr aveled the new generation of an investigation, which consider TNF has the prime importance to coordinate the cytokine response in rheumatoid arthritis. Also, the effect of anti-TNF antisera on IL-8, IL-6 and GM-CSF was investigated. From the studies, it was established that recruitment of blood leucocytes due to the TNF through chemokines and adhesion molecules mediate the process of inflammation (Furst, 2010). Testing of Biologics in animal models of Rheumatic Arthritis In further researches, it is observed that the appearance of TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) and its receptor are facilitated in affected tissues (Galloway et al. 2011). Hamster monoclonal antibodies against TNF were tested in CIA (collagen induced arthritis) model of rheumatoid arthritis (considered as the best model). This test was helpful to prove the validity of TNF as the major target (biological factor) in rheumatoid arthritis. It is found that application of 300 and 500 g weekly (twice) can minimize the intensity of the clinical symptoms (Aaltonen et al. 2012). As a result, the expression of TNF (precisely spatial expression) is reduced, and histologic symptoms of treated mice showed progress, which includes, cellular infiltrate reduction, chondrocyte apoptosis and joint destruction (Dixon et al. 2010). It is observed that dispensing of anti human anti TNF- monoclonal antibody" can stop the symptoms of spontaneous arthritis in "transgenic mice," which showed the over expression of TNF (Furst, 2010). It is also found that many researchers obtained promising results by using CIA model (Galloway et al. 2011). Therapeutic agents with anti-TNF potential Many researchers tried to find out biologics, which have miraculous therapeutic potentiality. To share the dream, many pharmaceutical industries tried to prepare different innovative agents. One of the fruitful results of these researches is he design of cA2, which is widely known as infliximab. Centocor first prepared this chimeric antibody against biological target TNF. The murine hybridoma was used to chimarized murine Fv segment with the human IgG1, K backbone (considered as Fc fragment). Clinical studies It is important to calculate the tolerable dose; therefore, to calculate the maximum tolerable dose, toxicity studies took place. From the previous studies, it was observed that 20mg/kg/2 weeks dose was enough to get the best result (Nam et al. 2010). However, also, different biomarkers such as ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), IL-6 and (CRP) C-reactive protein are declining within seven days as well as the level of rheumatoid factors, resulting in the improvement of the clinical and symptomatic features (Dixon et al. 2010). On the other hand, in a "double-blind, randomized trial" placebo was compared with 1 and 10 mg/kg doses of cA2. After four weeks (washout periods), the experimental group and subjects of controls were infused with solutions, however, the appearance of which remained same. The response was further measured after 4th week with the help of Harold Paulus criteria, where most of the respondents were found in 10mg/kg doses. After the first trial efficacy and safety proof were established and then phase 2 trials were introduced. In phase 2 trials, 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg of cA2 was administered with or without 7.5 mg of methotrexate/week. From the result, it was observed that all doses have the synergic response with MTX while comparing with mono-therapy. After the completion of phase 2 trials, phase 3 trial began. This phase 3 trial was also known as ATTRACT (Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy) trial and include the administration of MTX and infliximab. Four doses (3 and 10 mg/kg for four weeks and eight weeks) of infliximab were compared with MTX plus placebo. In observation (at 30th, 54th and 102nd week) showed that nearly 50% of patients have improved clinical symptoms as well as developed physical functions (Dixon et al. 2010). On the other hand, the Taylors radiography demonstrated a single dose of infliximab could reduce 50% of granulocyte accumulation in joints. The license of using infliximab against TNF was permitted after showing the clinical trials. However, measurement of benefit to harm ratio of biologics are still under investigation. References Aaltonen, K.J., Virkki, L.M., Malmivaara, A., Konttinen, Y.T., Nordstrom, D.C. and Blom, M., 2012. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of existing TNF blocking agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.PLoS One,7(1), p.e30275. Dixon, W.G., Hyrich, K.L., Watson, K.D., Lunt, M., Galloway, J., Ustianowski, A., Symmons, D.P.M. and BSRBR Control Centre Consortium, 2010. The drug-specific risk of tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register (BSRBR).Annals of the rheumatic diseases,69(3), pp.522-528. Drutskaya, M.S., Efimov, G.A., Kruglov, A.A., Kuprash, D.V. and Nedospasov, S.A., 2010. Tumor necrosis factor, lymphotoxin, and cancer.IUBMB life,62(4), pp.283-289. Furst, D.E., 2010, April. The risk of infections with biologic therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. InSeminars in arthritis and rheumatism(Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 327-346). WB Saunders. Galloway, J.B., Hyrich, K.L., Mercer, L.K., Dixon, W.G., Fu, B., Ustianowski, A.P., Watson, K.D., Lunt, M., Symmons, D.P. and BSRBR Control Centre Consortium, 2011. Anti-TNF therapy is associated with an increased risk of serious infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis especially in the first six months of treatment: updated results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register with special emphasis on risks in the elderly.Rheumatology,50(1), pp.124-131. Galloway, J.B., Hyrich, K.L., Mercer, L.K., Dixon, W.G., Ustianowski, A.P., Helbert, M., Watson, K.D., Lunt, M. and Symmons, D.P.M., 2011. The risk of septic arthritis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the effect of anti-TNF therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register.Annals of the rheumatic diseases, p.annrheumdis152769. McInnes, I.B., and Schett, G., 2011. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.New England Journal of Medicine,365(23), pp.2205-2219. Nam, J.L., Winthrop, K.L., Van Vollenhoven, R.F., Pavelka, K., Valesini, G., Hensor, E.M.A., Worthy, G., Landew, R., Smolen, J.S., Emery, P. and Buch, M.H., 2010. Current evidence for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of RA.Annals of the rheumatic diseases, p.annrheumdis126573. Singh, J.A., Furst, D.E., Bharat, A., Curtis, J.R., Kavanaugh, A.F., Kremer, J.M., Moreland, L.W., O'Dell, J., Winthrop, K.L., Beukelman, T. and Bridges, S.L., 2012. 2012 Update of 2008 American College of Rheumatology recommendations for the use of diseaseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologic agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis care research,64(5), pp.625-639.